1. Guðmundur Hálfdanarson History of the Nordic World: from Competition to Cooperation India International Centre, Delhi 5 March 2010

2. What is “Norden”? Five independent states – Denmark – Finland – Iceland – Norway – Sweden Three self-governing regions – Åland Islands – Faeroe Islands – Greenland

3. India vs “Norden” India 3.3 million sq. km 1,177 million inhabitants “Norden” 1.3 million sq. km – 3.5 million sq. km with Greenland 25 million inhabitants – Denmark 5.5 million – Finland 5.0 million – Iceland 0.3 million – Norway 4.7 million – Sweden 9.2 million

4. From Vikings to the Thirty-Years-War (ca. 800-1650) “Vikings” Gustav Adolf, king of Sweden

5. The Two Scandinavian Monarchies Around 1700 Denmark-Norway Sweden

6. The Two Scandinavian Monarchies Early 19th century Denmark Sweden-Norway

7. 19th Century Sense of weakness Romantic nationalism Democratic ideologies

8. Oehlenschläger and Tégner The Nordic Bard: “The time of disunity is over because discord has no place in the infinite world of the free spirit” Esaias Tégner, 1829

9. “The Nordic Spirit”, anno 1848 “Blood brothers! Not only in the banquet halls, but also where steel and lead speak to the Nordic world!”

10. Symbols of Nordic National Identities: Kalevala Akseli Gallen-Kallela, Lemminkäinen’s Mother

11. Symbols of Nordic National Identities: Icelandic Manuscripts Manuscript of Jónsbók, from around 1600 (Reykjabók)

12. The Nordic Area: the 20th Century

13. “The Nordic Spirit” – from the bottom up A meeting of Danish and Swedish students (1895)

14. The Road towards Nordic Cooperation from the top down 1919: First Nordic societies 1952: The Nordic Council (Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden) 1954-55: Nordic Passport Union 1955: Finland joins the Nordic council 1955: The Nordic Social Convention 1960s: NORDEK, Nordic economic cooperation fails 1971: The Nordic Council of Ministers

15. The Nordic Countries and the European Integration 1960: Denmark, Norway and Sweden, founding members of EFTA 1970: Iceland joins EFTA 1973: Denmark joins the EEC 1994: EEA agreement 1995: Finland and Sweden join EU

16. “The Nordic Tree” “The aim of the Nordic spirit is to allow all of these [branches] to develop according to their own nature and character, in order for them to form collectively a rich and productive crown, where each twig and each leaf has its own distinctive feature but all of them are, at the same time, so similar to each other that they could never belong to any other tree but the one to which they are attached.” Svend Grundtvig 1824-1883

17. Olaus Magnus, Carta marina (1539)