1. 1 The Nordic Welfare State and Social Cohesion Christian Albrekt Larsen Professor, Centre for Comparative Welfare Studies (www.CCWS.dk), Aalborg University, Denmarkwww.CCWS.dk

2. A question for you (Discuss with the person next to you): Do you think the bonds that keep the Chinese people together have increased or decreased within the last twenty years? 2

3. Disposition: 1: Social development and the welfare state 2: Why is social trust so important? 3: How did social trust decrease in US/UK? 4: How did social trust increase in DK/SW? 5: The importance of social constructions 6: Competing theories 7: The challenge from increased ethnic diversity 3

4. 1: Social development and the welfare state: Pressure: –Modernisation (Durkheim), Capitalism (Marx) The welfare state as a response: –T.H. Marshall (citizenship) –Esping-Andersen (de-commodification) - Rothstein: Social capital / trust 4

5. The classic trust question: Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you need to be careful in dealing with other people? 1.Most people can be trusted. 2.Need to be very careful 5

6. Share answering ”most people can be trusted”. World Value Survey 2005 Titel UndertitelS

7. The new trust question: I’d like to ask you how much trust you trust people from various groups… People you meet for the first time: 1: Trust completely 2: Trust somewhat 3: Do not trust very much 4: Do not trust at all 7

8. 8 Share that trust persons they meet for the first time (World Value Survey 2005) v. titel Navn

9. Why is trust in strangers so important for Society? (Please discuss with the person next to you) 9

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11. Figure 1.1 Share answering that most people can be trust. Sweden, Denmark, UK, and US Source: 1981- 2008 World Value Survey, UK 1959, Hall (1999:432); US 1960, Putnam (2000:140)

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16. Why do you think equality influence trust in unknown fellow citizens (Please discuss with the person next to you) 16

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23. De-industrialisation (’marxist’ thinking) De-familization (’conservative’ thinking) De-nationalization (’nationalistic thinking) De-mobilization of civil society (communitarian thinking)) ) - Competing theories

24. De-industrialization Kilde: OECD.STAT

29. The challenge from increased ethnic diversity : 29

30. Experimental evidence -BASIS

33. THE SCHOOL EXPERIMENT

36. References Larsen, C. A. (2011). ”Ethnic Heterogeneity and Public Support for Welfare: Is the American Experience Replicated in Britain, Sweden and Denmark?”, Scandinavian Political Studies Larsen, C. A. & T. Dejgaard (forthcoming), ”The Institutional Logic of Images of the Poor and Welfare Recipients A Comparative Study of British, Swedish and Danish Newspapers, Journal of European Social Policy Larsen, C. A. (2013). The Rise and Fall of Social Cohesion. The Construction and De-construction of Social Trust in the US, UK, Sweden and Denmark. Oxford University Press