1. Literacy development

2. © 2012 Pearson Australia ISBN: 9781442541757 Literacy development Literacy is one of the most important foundations for success in school and life. It is a crucial survival tool in a global society. - (Practice Resource Literacy Promotion. © Centre for Community Child Health 2006, p. 8)

3. © 2012 Pearson Australia ISBN: 9781442541757 Literacy development By age 4, most children have learned the basics of the grammatical system in their language. Early language learning occurs mostly in the home. Most vocabulary is learned indirectly through everyday experiences with oral and written language including daily interactions within the family and listening to adults read to them.

4. © 2012 Pearson Australia ISBN: 9781442541757 Literacy development Good experience fosters optimal (brain) development Bad experience undermines development The exceptionally strong influence of early experience on brain architecture makes the early years of life a period of both great opportunity and great vulnerability. (Deborah Phillips Post Neurons to Neighbourhoods, 2010)

5. © 2012 Pearson Australia ISBN: 9781442541757 Literacy development “By the end of the early childhood period, just as each child is different, each brain will be different in part due to genetics, but due in even larger part because the brain is designed to actively recruit experience into its structure (hardware) and neurochemistry (software). A dance in which our genes affect our responses to our experiences and our experiences modify the expression of our genes. This is the essence of adaptation.” - (Deborah Phillips Post Neurons to Neighbourhoods, 2010)

6. © 2012 Pearson Australia ISBN: 9781442541757 Literacy development Early language and literacy experiences form the foundation for later reading and language competencies.

7. © 2012 Pearson Australia ISBN: 9781442541757 Literacy development Children who are at greater risk of poor literacy development are over represented by:  Boys – (lower performance than girls across States, year levels, and for different forms of literacy)  Indigenous children  Children raised in families with low socio- economic status

8. © 2012 Pearson Australia ISBN: 9781442541757 Literacy development Teacher observations of boys’ engagement in literacy:  boys were less successful than girls in their ways of negotiating and participating in conventional literacy classrooms and conventional literacy activities  boys showed a general lack of interest in print- based reading and writing activities  boys demonstrated a perceived lack of purpose and relevance in school work

9. © 2012 Pearson Australia ISBN: 9781442541757 Literacy development Teacher observations of boys engagement in literacy: (cont.)  boys made ‘minimalistic’ efforts to complete and present school literacy tasks  boys were disruptive, easily distracted and difficult to motivate within the classroom  boys lacked self-esteem and confidence as learners

10. © 2012 Pearson Australia ISBN: 9781442541757 Literacy development By the age of 15, more than one-third of Australia’s Indigenous students 'do not have the adequate skills and knowledge in reading literacy to meet real-life challenges and may well be disadvantaged in their lives beyond school'. - (PISA cited in Bortoli and Cresswell, 2004, page 11) Indigenous Literacy Foundation: http://www.indigenousliteracyfoundation.org.au/Home

11. © 2012 Pearson Australia ISBN: 9781442541757 Literacy development Indigenous children living in isolated areas have even lower literacy rates. In the Northern Territory, only one in five children living in very remote Indigenous communities can read at the accepted minimum standard. By Year 7, just 15 per cent achieved this benchmark, 47 percentage points behind their urban Indigenous peers and 74 per cent less than non-Indigenous students. - (DEET NT 2006) Indigenous Literacy Foundation: http://www.indigenousliteracyfoundation.org.au/Home

12. © 2012 Pearson Australia ISBN: 9781442541757 Literacy development Children from lower socio-economic families are:  less likely to live in a language rich environment  less likely to have books in the home  less likely to be spoken to and read to than children living in higher socio-economic families  less likely to be present at school with reading readiness skills

13. © 2012 Pearson Australia ISBN: 9781442541757 Literacy development Children in families where there is a rich level of verbal interaction will have heard around 45 million words by age 4. Children in families where there is a poor level of verbal interaction will have heard around 13 million words by age 4. - (Hart and Risley, 1996)

14. © 2012 Pearson Australia ISBN: 9781442541757 Literacy development The Australian Bureau of Statistics’ Aspects of Literacy Survey found that of Australians aged 15 to 74 years:  approximately 46 per cent had very poor to poor ‘prose literacy’ (ability to read documents)  47 per cent had very poor to poor ‘document literacy’ (ability to understand and use information from a variety of text sources) (ABS, 2006)

15. © 2012 Pearson Australia ISBN: 9781442541757 Literacy development There are three key factors that have been found to support and promote emergent literacy skills prior to school commencement:  People  Environments  Activities

16. © 2012 Pearson Australia ISBN: 9781442541757 Literacy development  Studies have found repeatedly that children who experience difficulties in learning to read are unlikely to catch up to their peers.  Children who become successful readers come to formal school with a number of literacy skills that are absent in children whose reading development is poor.  A child’s literacy environment predicts later reading success.

17. © 2012 Pearson Australia ISBN: 9781442541757 Literacy development Becoming a competent reader has both short- term and long-term benefits, which include:  increased academic and occupational success  increased self-esteem and motivation to learn, participate in and commit to education  socially accepted behaviours in school and later in life

18. © 2012 Pearson Australia ISBN: 9781442541757 Literacy development  Positive regard for one’s abilities and prospects, leading to empowerment  Reduced need for special education  Potential reduction in the effects of low socio-economic background  Decreased social and financial costs associated with illiteracy - (Centre for Community Child Health 2006, p. 10)

19. © 2012 Pearson Australia ISBN: 9781442541757 Literacy development Reading is influenced by motivation and interest. Children who struggle with reading will dislike it and therefore will read less, and children who are less read fall progressively further behind once they reach school. This phenomenon, called the Matthew Effects, which asserts that reading is a function of interest and motivation, is said to start very early in life, and grow stronger with time.

20. © 2012 Pearson Australia ISBN: 9781442541757 Literacy development Physical and clinical conditions that may impact on learning to read include:  severe cognitive deficiencies  hearing impairment  chronic otitis media  (specific) early language impairment  attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

21. © 2012 Pearson Australia ISBN: 9781442541757 Literacy development Predictors of reading difficulty at school entry:  Verbal memory  Lexical and Syntactic Skills  Phonological Awareness  Acquired Knowledge of Literacy  Reading readiness  Letter identification  Concept of print

22. © 2012 Pearson Australia ISBN: 9781442541757 Literacy development Few children will develop the ability to understand their language in a written form naturally without some help. Children who present with reading difficulties or who arrive at school with poor literacy experiences can be supported to develop reading and writing skills. This support must be delivered with an explicit reading curriculum that addresses the five fundamental skills necessary to become a successful reader.

23. © 2012 Pearson Australia ISBN: 9781442541757 Literacy development References: Snow, C., Burns, M., & Griffin, P. Editors (1998) Preventing Reading Difficulties in Young Children Practice Resource Literacy Promotion. Centre for Community Child Health 2006 Rowe, K., & Rowe, Katherine, BIG issues in Boys’ Education: Auditory Processing Capacity, literacy and behaviour. Alloway, N., Freebody, P., Gilbert, P. & Muspratt, S. (2002). Boys, Literacy and Schooling Expanding The Repertoires Of Practice.