1. Topic 5 – Topic 5.1 Communities and ecosystems Ecology – the study of relationships in ecosystems – both between organisms and between organisms and their environment. Define Ecosystem - a system made up of organisms as well as the abiotic factors in the area. Population - a group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area at the same time Community - a group of populations living and interacting with each other in an area Species - a group of organisms which can interbreed and produce fertile offspring Habitat - the environment in which a species normally lives or the location of a living organism

2. Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs Autotrophs - also known as producers, they can make their own food - main producers are photosynthesizers, which utilize the sun's energy and convert it into chemical energy. Heterotroph - are consumers, they feed on ready made organic material, they cannot synthesize their own food, and they are considered net producers of CO2.

3. Distinguish between consumers, detritivores and saprotrophs Detritivores - organisms that feed on the detritus (thus detritivore)and decomposing organic material of living organisms (eg. dung beetle). Saprotrophs organisms that feed on dead organisms and products of living organisms. They secrete enzymes on these materials that cause decomposition, and then they absorb the resulting simple compounds into their bodies. So they do not ingest whole food, but rather, they absorb decomposed and digested food. Examples are bacteria and fungi.Saprotrophs

4. Describe what is meant by a food chain giving three examples, each with at least three linkages (four organisms). A food chain is a linear and simple feeding relation, where one organism has one type of food and is eaten by one type of organism. For example: Mosquito larva --->beetle --->mouse--->snake Plankton---->krill---->mullet--->shark Earwig---->lizard--->shrew-->owl Clams---->starfish--->sea otters--->orcas Periwinkle plant-->moth-->frog-->snake--->hawk

5. Describe what is meant by a food web A food web is more complex than a food chain and it includes a larger variety of organisms. Each of which may feed on a variety of other organisms and they may in turn be fed on by more organisms.

7. Define Trophic Level Trophic Level: position in the food chain, determined by the number of energy-transfer steps to that level; A functional classification of taxa within a community that is based on feeding relationships (eg, plants make up the first trophic level, herbivores make up the second).

8. Construct a food web containing up to 10 organisms, given appropriate information. HOMEWORK

9. State that light is the initial energy source for almost all communities. Light is the initial energy source for almost all communities

10. Explain energy flow in a food chain Energy losses between trophic levels include material not consumed or material not assimilated and heat loss through cell respiration. Also, energy flows (basically) from the sun to producers to herbivores to carnivores.

11. STATE that when energy transformations take place, including those in living organisms, the process is never 100% When energy transformations take place, including those in living organisms, the process is never 100% efficient, commonly between 10-20%.

12. Explain what is meant by a pyramid of energy and the reasons for its shape A pyramid of energy shows the flow of energy from one trophic level to the next in a community. The units of pyramids of energy are therefore energy per unit area per unit time. (kJ m -2 yr -1 ) 10% rule

13. Explain that energy can enter and leave an ecosystem, but that nutrients must be recycled. Energy can enter and leave an ecosystem but nutrients must be recycled. Sun light is the main source of energy on this planet. (Essentially infinite supply) It is captured by photosynthesizing organisms, which convert light to chemical energy. Nutrients (Ca++, C, Water..etc) must be recycled (since they are finite) by obtaining them from other organisms or products of organisms.

14. State that saprotrophic bacteria and fungi recycle nutrients

17. Nutrient Recycling An example of biotic – abiotic interactions within ecosystems Only nutrients (chemicals) are recycled. Energy is NOT recycled.