1. Lesson 2: Energy Flow Through Ecosystems

2. Physical Aspects in an Ecosystem  BIOTIC FACTORS  Bio means “life”  Living organisms  Plants  Animals  ABIOTIC FACTORS  “A” means “not  Not living things  Rocks  Wind  Sun  Water  Dirt

3. Symbiotic Relationships Mutualistic: both partners benefit Commensalistic: one partner benefits and the other partner doesn’t care Parasitic: one partner benefits and the other is harmed Predatory: predator/prey…one partner is the dinner for the other

4. 10 % Rule Only 10 % of the energy or biomass at one trophic level is passed on to the next

5. A food chain, shown above, shows one path the energy can take. Wheat Mouse Snake Owl A food web is a collection of several food chains, linked together.

6. A food (or energy) pyramid is another way to represent this information. The pyramid gets its shape from the fact that the greatest amount of energy in the ecosystem is stored in the producers. (There is more grass than grasshoppers, and there are more grasshoppers than frogs.) There are very few tertiary consumers in ecosystems because it takes a lot of energy feed one.

7. Toxins(poisons) can build up in the food chain. They are the least concentrated in the producers, but can build up in the bodies of animals as they feed. The higher an animal is on the food pyramid, the more poision he has consumed.

8. Lesson 4: Viruses and Bacteria

9. Viruses ARE NOT LIVING! Only can reproduce inside host cell Cell Specific- will only bind to certain cells –Polio virus only attaches to human nerve cells

10. Viruses Viral infection must run their course- NO ANTIBIOTICS! There are vaccines that can prevent some viral infections, like Hepatitis A or B, influenza and chicken pox. An organism’s immune system is designed to fight viruses with fever & antibodies.

11. Viruses destroy host cell!!

12. Viral diseases HIV/AIDS: Destroys Helper T cells of the immune system Influenza and common cold: spread by contact

13. Bacteria shapes A.Coccus: round or spherical B.Spirillum: spiral-shaped C.Bacillus: rod-shaped Coccus Bacillus Spirillum

14. Bacterial arrangements Diplo- : paired cells Staphylo- : grapelike clusters Strepto- : long chains Diplo- Strepto- Staphylo-

15. Bacteria Good Types Used in Nitrogen cycle (Rhizobium) In food (lactobacillus) In digestive system (E. coli) Decomposers Bad Types Cause disease –Strep throat –Diphtheria