1. Conservation, Poverty and Indigenous Peoples: are we learning from past mistakes ? Cambridge 12-13 December 2005

2. What causes indigenous poverty? USA: lack of rights and self-governance (Harvard study) USA: lack of rights and self-governance (Harvard study) Canada: Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples Canada: Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples General: MEA and repeated World Bank studies, Eversole et al. General: MEA and repeated World Bank studies, Eversole et al. Any kind of imposition which denies voice and rights has this effect Any kind of imposition which denies voice and rights has this effect

3. Social Impacts of Exclusion (1) Denial of rights to land Denial of rights to land Denial of use of, and access to, natural resources Denial of use of, and access to, natural resources Denial of political rights, validity of customary institutions Denial of political rights, validity of customary institutions Kinship systems disrupted Kinship systems disrupted Settlement patterns disorganized Settlement patterns disorganized

4. Social Impacts of Exclusion (2) Loss of informal social networks, livelihoods, property, compensation. Loss of informal social networks, livelihoods, property, compensation. Poverty creation Poverty creation Disruption of customary systems of environment management Disruption of customary systems of environment management Enforced illegality, subjection to petty tyrannies of officials Enforced illegality, subjection to petty tyrannies of officials

5. Social Impacts of Exclusion (3) Forced resettlement Forced resettlement Leadership systems destroyed Leadership systems destroyed Symbolic ties to environment broken Symbolic ties to environment broken Cultural identity weakened Cultural identity weakened The cumulative effect is that the social fabric and economy are torn apart The cumulative effect is that the social fabric and economy are torn apart (World Bank)

6. Conservation: same political effect Conservation is the opposite of development ? Conservation is the opposite of development ? Wilderness is what needs to be preserved ? Wilderness is what needs to be preserved ? People need to be kept out of nature / PAs ? People need to be kept out of nature / PAs ? N-S impositions: money and power N-S impositions: money and power Rights not respected Rights not respected People disempowered People disempowered Made poor Made poor

7. Environmental Impacts of Exclusion Intensified pressure on natural resources outside the protected areas Intensified pressure on natural resources outside the protected areas Ecosystem decline Ecosystem decline Loss of sense of stewardship Loss of sense of stewardship Loss of traditional ecological knowledge Loss of traditional ecological knowledge Incendiarism, conflict and alienation Incendiarism, conflict and alienation

8. Rights based approaches (1) There are a lot of rights: individual vs State There are a lot of rights: individual vs State Equality before law Equality before law Fair trial Fair trial Life Life Protection of family and children Protection of family and children Privacy and reputations Privacy and reputations

9. Rights based approaches (2) Right to peaceful assembly and association Right to peaceful assembly and association Information Information Take part in public life Take part in public life Rights of minorities Rights of minorities Non discrimination Non discrimination Property Property Healthy environment Healthy environment Will they cut the mustard? Will they cut the mustard?

10. Rights of Indigenous Peoples (1) Collective Rights of Peoples Collective Rights of Peoples Self-determination Self-determination Freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources Freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources In no case be deprived of their means of subsistence In no case be deprived of their means of subsistence Own, develop, control and use their communal lands, territories and resources, traditionally owned or otherwise occupied by them Own, develop, control and use their communal lands, territories and resources, traditionally owned or otherwise occupied by them

11. Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2) The free enjoyment of their own culture and to maintain their traditional way of life The free enjoyment of their own culture and to maintain their traditional way of life Free and informed consent prior to activities on their lands Free and informed consent prior to activities on their lands Represent themselves via own institutions Represent themselves via own institutions Exercise customary law Exercise customary law Restitution of lands and compo for losses Restitution of lands and compo for losses

12. New Principles for Conservation 94 IUCN revised PA categories 94 IUCN revised PA categories 96 WWF Principles : rights 96 WWF Principles : rights 96 IUCN Resolutions: rights 96 IUCN Resolutions: rights 99 WCPA Guidelines co- management & negotiated agreements 99 WCPA Guidelines co- management & negotiated agreements 2003 WPC New paradigm Durban Accord and Plan 2003 WPC New paradigm Durban Accord and Plan 2004 WCC Endorses Durban Action Plan restitution by 2010 2004 WCC Endorses Durban Action Plan restitution by 2010 2004 CBD rights in PAs, no forced resettlement, 2004 CBD rights in PAs, no forced resettlement,

13. From Principles to Practice: FPP Pucallpa Conf: 1997 Pucallpa Conf: 1997 16 Latin American case studies Kundasang Conf: 1998 Kundasang Conf: 1998 14 Asian case studies Kigali Conf: 2001 Kigali Conf: 2001 11 African case studies 11 African case studies Mobile Peoples: 2002 Mobile Peoples: 2002 Chatty and Colchester Chatty and Colchester GEF Review: 2004 GEF Review: 2004 10 Cases examined 10 Cases examined

14. Obstacles to Reform (1) Discrimination, denial of citizenship Discrimination, denial of citizenship Continuity in policy, laws and institutions Continuity in policy, laws and institutions Assimilationist policies Assimilationist policies Weak policy and laws with respect to land Weak policy and laws with respect to land Conservation policies/ laws based on old model (few countries adopted revised IUCN categories). Conservation policies/ laws based on old model (few countries adopted revised IUCN categories).

15. Obstacles to Reform (2) Conservation NGOs lack appropriate training, staff and capacity to work with communities Conservation NGOs lack appropriate training, staff and capacity to work with communities No complaints/ redress mechanisms No complaints/ redress mechanisms Recognition of rights limited to traditional technologies or conditioned on environmental performance. Recognition of rights limited to traditional technologies or conditioned on environmental performance.

16. GEF study Imposed PAs, No FPIC, no tenure Imposed PAs, No FPIC, no tenure Mitigation not avoidance Mitigation not avoidance Not participants let alone rightsholders Not participants let alone rightsholders Alternative livelihood model (cf ICDP) Alternative livelihood model (cf ICDP) No IP policy No IP policy Involuntary resettlement not proscribed Involuntary resettlement not proscribed Out of date OP s / no complaints mechanism Out of date OP s / no complaints mechanism No baselines, indicators or M&E No baselines, indicators or M&E

17. Major Gaps Which agencies are using rights based approaches successfully? Which agencies are using rights based approaches successfully? Can Conservation change its approach? Can Conservation change its approach? Where have Conservation and IPs partnered for effective national framework change? Where have Conservation and IPs partnered for effective national framework change? Restitution programme? Restitution programme?

18. Convention on Biological Diversity 10c - …protect and encourage customary use of biological resources in accordance with traditional cultural practices that are compatible with conservation or sustainable use requirements. Maps Maps Document customary use Document customary use Develop management plans based on TEK and western science Develop management plans based on TEK and western science Identify framework gaps Identify framework gaps National dialogues National dialogues

19. 10c project : Swedbio, DGIS, Hivos Venezuela: Sanema/ Yekwana Venezuela: Sanema/ Yekwana Guyana : Wapishana Guyana : Wapishana Suriname : Karinya Suriname : Karinya Cameroon: Baka Cameroon: Baka Thailand: Karen and Hmong Thailand: Karen and Hmong Bangladesh: fisherfolk, mangrove dwellers in Sunderbans Bangladesh: fisherfolk, mangrove dwellers in Sunderbans FPIC in practice: 4 countries Guyana, Indonesia, Philippines, Peru FPIC in practice: 4 countries Guyana, Indonesia, Philippines, Peru Will Conservation partner? Will Conservation partner?