1. قسم الهندسة الكهربائية By: Dr Tarek Abdolkader
المملكة العربية السعودية
وزارة التعليم العالي - جامعة أم القرى
كلية الهندسة و العمارة الإسلامية
قسم الهندسة الكهربائية
ELECTRONIC DEVICES
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Ministry of Higher Education
Umm Al-Qura University
College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture
Electrical Engineering Department
Lecture 6
Diode applications
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Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader
By: Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Electronic Circuits (802312) Dr Tarek Abdolkader

2. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
OUTLINE
Diode circuit analysis
Rectifiers
Clipping circuits
Clamping circuits
Zener diode
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

3. Diode circuit analysis
Diode dc circuit analysis:
To analyze a diode dc circuit, you must determine first: Is the diode ON or OFF?
To determine the status of the diode:
Assume that the diode is OFF.
Determine the voltage on the diode in this case (which is equal to thevinin voltage Vth).
If Vth < Vcut, then the diode is really OFF and it is replaced by open circuit.
If Vth ≥ Vcut, then the diode is ON and it is replaced by a battery of Vcut
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Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Easier: Determine the thevinin equivalent between the terminals of the diode (Voc). If Voc >0.7  ON, otherwise OFF
Vcut is 0.7 V for silicon and 0.3 for Ge. (assuming practical model)
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Electronic Circuits (802312) Dr Tarek Abdolkader

4. Diode circuit analysis
Example
For the series diode configuration shown, determine VD, VR, and ID.
Solution
See Example 2.6 page 60 in Boylestad
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Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

5. Diode circuit analysis
Example
For the series diode configuration shown, determine VD, VR, and ID.
Solution
See Example 2.8 page 61 in Boylestad
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Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

6. Diode circuit analysis
Example
For the series circuit shown, determine Vo and ID.
Solution
See Example 2.9 page 62 in Boylestad
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Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

7. Diode circuit analysis
Example
For the circuit shown, determine ID , VD2 and Vo.
Solution
See Example 2.10 page 62 in Boylestad
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Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

8. Diode circuit analysis
Example
For the series diode configuration shown, determine I , V1, V2, Vo.
Solution
See Example 2.11 page 63 in Boylestad
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Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

9. Diode circuit analysis
Example
For the network shown, determine I .
Solution
See Example 2.13 page 65 in Boylestad
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Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

10. Diode circuit analysis
Diode ac circuit analysis:
To analyze a diode ac circuit, you must determine at what value of the input the diode transfers from OFF to ON or vise versa?
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Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader
To determine the transition value at which the diode switches:
Assume that ID = 0 and VD = 0.7 V for silicon and of 0.3 for Ge. (assuming practical model)
Determine Vi in this case. It is the transition value of input (Vit).
Calculate Vo for Vi > Vit, and for Vi > Vit. In one of these cases, the diode will be ON and in the other it will be OFF.
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

11. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Rectifiers
Half-wave rectifier:
It transforms sinusoidal input to half-wave rectified signal
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Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

12. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Half-wave rectifier
Example
Sketch the output vo assuming ideal diode.
Repeat part (a) assuming practical diode model.
Repeat parts (a) and (b) if Vm is increased to 200 V and compare solutions
Solution
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Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader
See Example 2.18 page 71 in Boylestad
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

13. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Rectifiers
Full-wave rectifier:
It transforms sinusoidal input to full-wave rectified signal
There are two types of full-wave rectifiers:
Using center-taped transformer.
Using bridge network.
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

14. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Rectifiers
center-taped transformer full-wave rectifier :
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

15. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Rectifiers
Bridge full-wave rectifier:
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

16. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Rectifiers
Peak Inverse Voltage(PIV):
The peak inverse voltage (PIV) is the maximum negative bias applied on the diode. If the diode is biased in the reverse mode with a voltage more than PIV, it will go into breakdown
Half-wave rectifier:
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Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader
center-taped transformer full-wave rectifier :
Bridge full-wave rectifier:
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

17. Center-tap full-wave rectifier Bridge full-wave rectifier
Rectifiers
Half-wave rectifier
Center-tap full-wave rectifier
Bridge full-wave rectifier
Vdc = Vm
Vdc = Vm
PIV ≥ Vm
PIV ≥ 2Vm
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Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

18. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Power supply unit
To reach the required dc voltage, a filter and regulator should be added to a rectifier circuit. The overall system is called power supply unit (PSU).
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

19. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Power supply unit
While the input is increasing, the diode D is ON and the capacitor is charging with a small time constant.
After reaching the peak, the voltage at the anode will be less than the cathode and D will be OFF. The capacitor will discharge through the load with a large time constant.
When the input exceeds the capacitor voltage, D is again ON.
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

20. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Power supply unit
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Full-wave rectifier is much better than Half-wave rectifier because it gives less ripple.
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

21. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Clippers
Diode networks that have the ability to “clip” off a portion of the input signal without distorting the remaining part of the alternating waveform are called clippers.
The half-wave rectifier is an example of the simplest form of diode clipper—one resistor and diode.
There are two general categories of clippers:
series clipper: where the diode is in series with the load,
parallel clipper: the diode is in parallel to the load.
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Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Series clipper
Parallel clipper
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

22. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Clippers
To determine the output voltage:
Assume that ID = 0 and VD = 0.7 V for silicon and of 0.3 for Ge. (assuming practical model)
Determine Vi in this case. It is the transition value of input (Vit).
Calculate Vo for Vi > Vit, and for Vi > Vit. In one of these cases, the diode will be ON and in the other it will be OFF.
Sketch Vi and Vo.
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Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

23. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Clippers
Example
Determine the output waveform of the network shown assuming ideal diode model.
Solution
See Example 2.20 page 78 in Boylestad
Vit = ‒ 5 V
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Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader
For vi > ‒ 5 V, D is ON  vo = vi + 5
For vi < ‒ 5 V, D is OFF  vo = 0
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

24. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Clippers
Example
Repeat the previous example if the input waveform is the square wave shown.
Solution
See Example 2.21 page 79 in Boylestad
Vit = ‒ 5 V
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Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader
For vi > ‒ 5 V, D is ON  vo = vi + 5
For vi < ‒ 5 V, D is OFF  vo = 0
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

25. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Clippers
Example
Determine the output waveform of the network shown assuming ideal diode model.
Solution
See Example 2.22 page 80 in Boylestad
Vit = 4 V
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Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader
For vi > 4 V, D is OFF  vo = vi
For vi < 4 V, D is ON  vo = 4 V
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

26. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Clippers
Example
Repeat the previous example assuming silicon diode practical model.
Solution
See Example 2.23 page 81 in Boylestad
Vit = 4 ‒ 0.7 = 3.3 V
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Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader
For vi > 3.3 V, D is OFF  vo = vi
For vi < 3.3 V, D is ON  vo = 3.3 V
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

27. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Clamping circuits
The clamping network is one that will “clamp” a signal to a different dc level.
The network must have a capacitor, a diode, and a resistive element, but it can also employ an independent dc supply to introduce an additional shift.
The total swing of the output is equal to the total swing of the input signal.
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clampers
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

28. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Clamping circuits
Assumptions:
The time constant with the diode is OFF is very large (  ).
The time constant with the diode is ON is very small ( 0 ).
Procedure:
Start by considering that part of the input signal that will make the diode ON.
In the ON state, assume that the capacitor will charge up instantaneously (   0).
Find the voltage on the capacitor after charging (with the proper polarity) and the output voltage in the ON state.
Move to the OFF state and assume that the capacitor will hold on to its established voltage level in the ON state(   ).
Find the output voltage in the OFF state.
Keep in mind the general rule that the total swing of the total output must match the swing of the input signal.
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

29. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Clamping circuits
Example
Find the output voltage of the shown circuit.
Solution
Vit = 0 V
For vi > 0, D is ON
For vi < 0, D is OFF
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Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader
D is ON
D is OFF
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

30. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Clamping circuits
Example
Determine vo for the network shown.
Solution
See Example 2.24 page 84 in Boylestad
Vit = 5 V
For vi < 5, D is ON
Note that:
T = 1/f = 1 ms
(OFF) = RC = 100 ms
(ON) ~ rDC ~ few seconds
For vi > 5, D is OFF
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Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader
D is ON
D is OFF
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

31. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Clamping circuits
Example
Repeat the previous example assuming Si diode.
Solution
See Example 2.25 page 85 in Boylestad
Vit = 4.3 V
For vi < 4.3 V, D is ON
Note that:
T = 1/f = 1 ms
(OFF) = RC = 100 ms
(ON) ~ rDC ~ few seconds
For vi > 4.3 V, D is OFF
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Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader
D is ON
D is OFF
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

32. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Clamping circuits
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Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

33. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Clamping circuits
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Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

34. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Zener diode
-Io
I ~- Io V I Vz
When a sufficiently large reverse voltage is applied to a p-n junction, the junction breaks down and conducts a very large current.
The reverse voltage at which the current increases sharply is called the BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE, or the zener voltage Vz
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Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

35. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Zener diode
Procedure for dc inputs:
Determine the state of the Zener diode by removing it from the network.
Substitute the appropriate equivalent circuit and solve for the desired unknowns.
Procedure for ac inputs:
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Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Determine the transition input at which the Zener diode will switch its state by assuming that ID = 0 and VD = ‒ Vz .
Determine Vi in this case. It is the transition value of input (Vit).
Calculate Vo for Vi > Vit, and for Vi > Vit. In one of these cases, the zener diode will be ON and in the other it will be OFF.
Sketch Vi and Vo.
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

36. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Zener diode
Example
(a) For the Zener diode network shown, determine VL, VR, Iz, and Pz.
(b) Repeat part (a) with RL = 3 kΩ.
Solution
See Example page 88 in Boylestad
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Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader
D is OFF
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

37. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Zener diode
Example
(a) For the Zener diode network shown, determine VL, VR, Iz, and Pz.
(b) Repeat part (a) with RL = 3 kΩ.
Solution
See Example page 88 in Boylestad
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Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Tarek Abdolkader
D is ON
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

38. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Zener diode
Example
(a) For the network shown, determine the range of RL and IL that will result in VL being maintained at 10 V.
(b) Determine the maximum wattage rating of the diode.
Solution
See Example page 91 in Boylestad
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D must be ON:
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader

39. Electronic devices (802311) Lecture 6 Dr Tarek Abdolkader
Zener diode
Example
Determine the range of values of Vi that will maintain the load voltage in the Zener diode circuit shown at 20 V.
Solution
See Example page 92 in Boylestad
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D must be ON
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Electronic devices (802311) Lecture Dr Tarek Abdolkader