1. Trip around the World Charles Darwin

2. Trip Around the World In December 1831, the British ship HMS Beagle set sail from England on a five-year trip around the world. On board was a 22 year old named Charles Darwin. Darwin was able to explore extensively in South America and numerous islands in the Pacific Ocean, including the Galapagos. While he was on the Galapagos Islands he came up with the theory of Natural Selection. A process in which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than others of the same species

3. Trip around the World This is the five year route that Charles Darwin traveled while on the HMS Beagle

4. Galapagos Islands The islands are about 580 miles away from the coast of Ecuador.

5. Galapagos Islands Darwin compared the organisms from the Galapagos Islands to the organisms from the mainland in South America. He noticed that many of the plants were similar but there were some important differences. Galapagos iguanas vs. mainland iguanas Differences between the islands in the Galapagos Islands. Dome-shaped tortoises vs. saddle shaped tortoises Finches beak shape

6. Adaptations The finches were well suited for the life it led. Short narrow beaks were better suited for eating bugs. Large strong beaks were for eating seeds. Beak shape is an example of an adaptation.

7. Adaptations Adaptations is a trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce. Some examples of an adaptation are: Fur (or lack of fur) Size Camouflage Behavior Flight (wings) Teeth (sharp or dull)

8. Adaptations Every animal has developed special characteristics that “customize” the animal to its environment. Over a period of generations, animals develop behaviors and physical characteristics that enhance their survival in their environment. All species are “adapted” to their environment. Animals also have physical adaptations to help them survive. This helps them maintain a constant internal environment (their body) while their outside environment is changing. This is called homeostasis.

9. Homeostasis Human example of homeostasis When you are hot, you sweat. Sweating cools your body down. When you are cold, you shiver. When you shiver your muscles rapidly contract and relax which produces heat. Some environments undergo extreme changes in temperature or other conditions during the year. Living things that live in such conditions have special responses that help them adjust.

11. Behavioral and Physical Adaptations in Animals Adaptations

12. Adaptations is a trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce. There are behavioral adaptations. Migrations Hibernation Dormancy There are physical adaptations.

13. Migration Migration- when animals move from one place to another as a result of temperature changes. Animals migrate for different reasons: To find a better climate (better weather). To find food. To find a safe place to live. To find a safe place to raise young. Species that do migrate are called migratory species. Species that do not migrate are called resident, or sedentary species. 1

14. Migration The advantage of the migration strategy are: In the long days of the northern summer, breeding birds have more hours to feed their young. As the days shorten in the fall and food supplies become scarce, the birds can migrate to warmer regions where the length of the day varies less and there is an all year round food supply. 2

15. Who migrates the furthest The Arctic Tern, it flies from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic and back again each year. This guarantees that it will see two summers each year.

16. Migration Not all animals will move thousands of miles to migrate. Some species of sheep and goats will move from higher altitudes of mountains to lower ones seasonally. 3

17. Hibernation Hibernation is a state of inactivity and metabolic depression in animals, characterized by lower body temperature, slower breathing, and lower metabolic rate. Hibernation allows animals to conserve energy during the winter when food is short. Before entering hibernation most species eat a large amount of food and store energy in fat deposits in order to survive the winter. Hibernation may last several days, or weeks depending on species, outside temperature, and time of year. 4, 5, 6

18. Hibernation There are different kinds of hibernation. The "true" hibernators sleep so deeply that they are almost impossible to wake up. Woodchucks, ground squirrels and bats are "true" hibernators. True hibernators do get up every few weeks to nibble on food. Bears are not "true" hibernators. They are one of the "light sleepers." They are easily awakened from their winter slumbers. These in-between hibernators are simply taking long winter naps. Skunks, raccoons, opossums are also in this group. 7

19. Hibernation Another form of hibernation is called torpor. Torpor is a state of regulated hypothermia in a warm blooded organism, lasting just a few hours, usually at night. Torpor is a shortened sleep time. The heart rate slows down and body temperature goes down, but the animal is able to wake up and move around. Torpor is used for many of the same reasons as hibernation, like energy conservation. 8

20. Dormancy Dormancy is a period when an organism’s growth or activity stops. It is a survival strategy exhibited by many plant species, which enables them to survive in climates where part of the year is unsuitable for growth, such as winter or dry seasons. Many familiar trees produce new leaves in the spring and lose them in the fall due to seasonal changes in temperature and light. Trees that lose their leaves are dormant in winter. 9, 10

21. Physical Adaptations Animals also depend on their physical features to help: Obtain food Keep safe Build homes Withstand weather Attract mates These physical features are called physical adaptations. Physical adaptations do not develop during an animal's life but over many generations. 11

22. Physical Adaptations Examples of the basic adaptations that help creatures survive: Shape of a bird's beak The number of fingers The thickness or thinness of the fur Shape of the nose or ears Teeth Claws Feet Protective Coloration (Camouflage) 12

23. Protective Coloration Protective coloration helps an animal survive in its environment. Four examples are: Concealing coloration is when animals use the same coloring as their environment. Disruptive coloration is when animals break up their outline so they do not stick out. Disguise is when animals blend in with their surroundings. Mimicry is when animals look like other dangerous animals. They pretend to be what they are not. 13

24. Concealing Coloration For example, many animals in the Arctic have white coloring to blend in with the snow that surrounds them. 14

25. Camouflage

26. Disruptive coloration These animals have spots, stripes, or other patterns to break up its outline so it doesn't stick out against the background. Animals like zebras, leopards, and tigers use this type of camouflage. 15

27. Disguise An insect that looks like a branch or leaf is using a costume to hide from predators. If it actually looks like the object on which it stays, then it is using disguise to fool its predators or prey. 16

28. Mimicry When animals look like other dangerous animals. They pretend to be what they are not. 17