1. http://www.biology.lsu.edu/webfac/kharms/BIOL1202Fall2007.htm Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms http://www.biology.lsu.edu/webfac/kharms/BIOL1202Fall2007.htm

2. Final exam score In BIOL 1202, good attendance pays off! Proportion of students

3. Chapter 22 Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

4. Why are there so many species?

7. The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Charles Darwin

8. Hypothesis vs. Theory

9. Hypothesis Tentative explanation of observations Educated guess

10. General explanation of important natural phenomena, developed through extensive & reproducible observations & experiments Theory

11. Western Historical Context Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) – Greek philosopher Species are permanent, perfect, immutable Dominant world view for > 2000 yr See timeline Fig. 22.2

12. Western Historical Context Species are permanent, perfect, immutable A.D. – Natural Theology (Creationism) See timeline Fig. 22.2

13. Western Historical Context Swedish physician & botanist whose passion was taxonomy Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) Developed a hierarchical classification scheme & binomial nomenclature See timeline Fig. 22.2

14. Western Historical Context Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) “King Philip Came Over For Gumbo Sunday” Canis = genus lupus = specific epithet that refers to one species in the genus Canis The binomial is always italicized or underlined, the genus name is always capitalized, and the specific epithet is always lower case See Fig. 25.8

15. Western Historical Context French anatomist who largely developed paleontology, the study of fossils Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) See timeline Fig. 22.2

16. Western Historical Context Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) Deeper strata contain older taxa See timeline Fig. 22.2

17. Western Historical Context Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) Preferred hypothesis for profound geologic change = catastrophism See timeline Fig. 22.2

18. Western Historical Context Scottish geologist who offered an alternative to catastrophism James Hutton (1726-1797) Preferred hypothesis for profound geologic change = gradualism See timeline Fig. 22.2

19. Western Historical Context Scottish geologist who incorporated Hutton’s gradualism into the theory of uniformitarianism Charles Lyell (1797-1875) See timeline Fig. 22.2

20. Western Historical Context Charles Lyell (1797-1875) Uniformitarianism – geological processes & rates today are those that also operated in antiquity See timeline Fig. 22.2

21. Western Historical Context Charles Lyell (1797-1875) Uniformitarianism – suggested that the Earth is > 6000 yr old See timeline Fig. 22.2

22. Western Historical Context Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) Invertebrate Curator of the Natural History Museum in Paris One of the 18 th & 19 th centuries’ biologists who hypothesized that traits of species are not immutable, i.e., they can evolve See timeline Fig. 22.2

23. Western Historical Context Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) Hypothesized mechanism of evolution: Use & disuse alters traits; inheritance of acquired characters results in adaptations to environmental conditions See timeline Fig. 22.2

24. Western Historical Context Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) English demographer Hypothesis: Plants and animals are capable of producing far more offspring than resources can support; the “struggle for existence” (e.g., famine, war) is an inescapable consequence See timeline Fig. 22.2

25. Within this context, Charles Darwin (1809- 1882) served as Ship’s Naturalist on the HMS Beagle’s circumnavigation of the globe (1831-1836) Western Historical Context England EUROPE NORTH AMERICA Galápagos Islands Darwin in 1840, after his return SOUTH AMERICA Cape of Good Hope Cape Horn Tierra del Fuego AFRICA HMS Beagle in port AUSTRALIA Tasmania New Zealand PACIFIC OCEAN Andes ATLANTIC OCEAN

26. Galapagos Islands, Ecuador

30. Darwin was a good observer of both wild and domesticated organisms (e.g., birds)

32. Western Historical Context Charles Darwin (1809-1882) English gentleman who conceived of natural selection as the principal mechanism of adaptive evolution See timeline Fig. 22.2

33. Western Historical Context Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913) English biologist who also (independently) conceived of natural selection as the principal mechanism of adaptive evolution See timeline Fig. 22.2

34. Lyell presented the independently derived hypothesis to the Linnaean Society of London on July 1, 1858 Western Historical Context

35. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) The Origin of Species (1859)

36. “It is interesting to contemplate an entangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent on each other in so complex a manner, have all been produced by laws acting around us… There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed laws of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.” The Origin of Species Final paragraph:

37. Darwinian Theory of Evolution Descent with modification Descent implies common ancestry Modification to better suite the environment = adaptation Natural selection is the principal process that drives adaptive evolution See Fig. 22.7

38. Darwinian Theory of Evolution Organisms have enormous potential for population increase, but the potential is rarely reached Generalized sigmoidal population growth curve

39. Potential for rapid population growth when resources are not limiting Resource availability generally limits population size Competition for resources (“struggle for existence”) Phenotypic variability (morphology, physiology, behavior, etc.) Natural Selection: Survival and reproduction of the “fittest” individuals Some variability results from heritable differences Adaptive evolution: A change in the phenotypic constitution of a population owing to selection on heritable variation among phenotypes

40. Use Inheritance of acquired characteristics Generation 1 Generation 2 Natural selection Genetic inheritance from selected population Lamarckism Darwinism

41. Darwin used artificial selection to illustrate the modifying potential of selection Evidence for the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

42. Darwin used artificial selection to illustrate the modifying potential of selection Evidence for the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

43. Darwin used artificial selection to illustrate the modifying potential of selection Evidence for the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

44. Rapid changes in populations under strong selection E.g., pesticide resistance

45. Homologous traits (a.k.a. characters, attributes) = traits in different species that arose from the same ancestral trait (may or may not have similar function) See Fig. 22.14 HumanCat Whale Bat Evidence for the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

46. Even when homologies are not obvious in adults, they may be quite apparent in embryonic stages Lemur Pig Human Which one is the human? Evidence for the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

47. Analogous traits = traits in different species that have similar function, but arose from different ancestral traits Evidence for the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

48. doesn’t matter as much as the evolutionary history of the traits themselves To distinguish homologous vs. analogous traits, the relatedness of the organisms

49. Analogous traits = traits in different species that have similar function, but arose from different ancestral traits Evidence for the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

50. Vestigial organs = remnants of organs that had important functions in ancestors These examples happen to be homologous leg and foot bones Evidence for the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

51. Vestigial organs = remnants of organs that had important functions in ancestors Evidence for the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

52. Biochemical homologies Common use of DNA, RNA, amino acids, ribosomes, genetic code, ATP, electron carriers, electron transport system, etc. Evidence for the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection