2. Evolution The process of change over time.

3. Theories of how we came to be… Evolution is a scientific theory. Other Theories…?

4. Evidence: geologic record Oldest fossils in layers.lowest

5. Organisms evolved from to One cellmulticellular

6. A real FOSSIL! Remains of any organism Okay, they are supposed to be the remains of DEAD things! Fossils can be: 1.Frozen organisms. 2.Organisms petrified in stone. 3.Traces of organisms petrified in stone. 4.Organisms preserved in sap or tar.

7. Microorganisms fossils Worm fossil Mollusk fossil Insect fossil Fish fossil Reptile fossil Bird fossil FOSSILS for real!

8. Hot (or Not-S0-Hot) Shots of Evolution Developed the theory of “Use and Disuse” Basically, whatever changes occur over your life time, you pass along to your kids! WRONG!! Jean Lamarck Karl Weismann Disproved Lamarck Cut off mouse tails for several generations Each generation of mice were still born with full tails!

9. Charles Darwin: THE Grandpappy of Evolution! Medical school- passed out at autopsyMedical school- passed out at autopsy Law school -too boring!Law school -too boring! Monk -more boring!Monk -more boring! Naturalist -yahoo!Naturalist -yahoo!

10. Voyage of the HMS Beagle: Darwin visited many parts of the world over 5 years. He was most interested in the Galapagos Islands off of Ecuador… WHY? Many small islands All had different climates Had many organisms that were similar, but slightly different, and perfectly adapted to their environments!! Darwin’s Ship

11. Galapagos Tortoises There are 14 different species of tortoise on the Galapagos islands…They all came from a common ancestor millions of years ago. On wet islands, the shells are rounder and more helmet-shaped. These tortoises can feed off the ground and maintain better protection. On dryer Islands, Tortoises have saddle-shaped shells which allow them to get their heads high up in the vegetation to feed.

12. Natural Selection: Darwin’s Theory of Evolution In a nutshell, “Nature” determines which organisms live and which die.

13. Natural Selection: Overproduction An oyster lays eggs at a time! 60 million

14. Natural Selection: Darwin’s Theory of Evolution In a nutshell, “Nature” determines which organisms live and which die. 1. Overproduction: This guarantees some will survive.

15. Natural Selection: Variations Variations can come about in two ways: 1. Sexual Reproduction creates a new and unique combination of genes. You did NOT just talk about S- E-X, right? 2. Mutations (a change in your DNA) occurring in the gametes (sex cells, ex: egg and sperm). OMG, you did it again.

16. Natural Selection: Darwin’s Theory of Evolution In a nutshell, “Nature” determines which organisms live and which die. 1.Overproduction: This guarantees some will surivive. 2.Variation Among Offspring: The more diversity, the stronger a species.

17. Natural Selection: Competition Organisms Compete For: Food Water Shelter Mates Territory

18. Natural Selection: Darwin’s Theory of Evolution In a nutshell, “Nature” determines which organisms live and which die. 1.Overproduction: This guarantees some will surivive. 2.Variation Among Offspring: The more diversity, the stronger a species. 3.Competition: Fighting for food, water, mates, territory and shelter. The best adapted get the best digs!

19. Natural Selection: Survival of the Fittest Which of these hotties is the most fit? Depends…if their “environment” is a 4’ tall spaceship with tight quarters…the little puny alien is the most fit! video

21. But, What if the Environment Changes? Which moth lives longer here? What about now? After pollution has covered the forest in soot and smog?

22. Natural Selection: Darwin’s Theory of Evolution In a nutshell, “Nature” determines which organisms live and which die. 1.Overproduction: This guarantees some will surivive. 2.Variation Among Offspring: The more diversity, the stronger a species. 3.Competition: Fighting for food, water, mates, territory and shelter. The best adapted get the best digs! 4.Survival of the Fittest: This does NOT mean big and strong, it means best adapted to the environment survive and reproduce.

23. Question:

24. Populations ADAPT, Individuals have ADAPTATIONS Remember, Individual with a black color adaptation Individual with a white color adaptation

25. How relationships are determined Scientists use several types of evidence to determine relationships. 1. 2. 3. 4.

26. Comparative Embryology fish salaman- der tor- toise chic- ken pigcowrabbithumanfish

27. How relationships are determined Scientists use several types of evidence to determine relationships. 1.Comparative Embryology 2. 3. 4.

28. Which pair of organisms is more closely related biochemically? Vs. Which of these are related??

29. How relationships are determined Scientists use several types of evidence to determine relationships. 1.Comparative Embryology 2.Comparative BioChemistry 3. 4.

30. Comparative… Anatomy

31. Not to be confused… (alas, my specialty!) Homologous Structures: Similar structures that have been inherited from a common ancestor, regardless of use (swim, fly, etc.) Analogous Structures: Serve a similar purpose (ex. Flying) but evolved independently from one another.

32. How relationships are determined Scientists use several types of evidence to determine relationships. 1.Comparative Embryology 2.Comparative BioChemistry 3.Comparative Anatomy 4.

33. Remember Cells? ProkaryoteEukaryote

34. And…There are TWO kinds of Eukaryotic Cells… OR Plant Cells Animal Cells

35. How relationships are determined Scientists use several types of evidence to determine relationships. 1.Comparative Embryology 2.Comparative BioChemistry 3.Comparative Anatomy 4. Comparative Cytology

36. Causes of Evolution Sexual reproduction& variations Spontaneous & random mutations Environmental Changes

37. Beneficial mutations depend on the __________! environment

38. Two Schools of Thought… Gradualism is the idea that changes took place slowly over time. Punctuated Equillibrium is the idea that there were long periods of stability and short bursts of change when the environment changed. Punctuated Equillibrium is a more widely accepted theory.

39. Evolution Explained… (In case I didn’t already do that!) Most life actually evolved recently, in evolutionary terms! LINK A bit more detail… LINK

40. The final Story