1. ZOOLOGY
BIO 141
Dr. Sumithran

3. Introduction
What is life?

4. Introduction Difficult to define
Therefore discuss properties of living systems

5. Properties of Living Systems
1) Chemical Uniqueness
Made up of large molecules
MACROMOLECULES
Four categories
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids

6. Properties of Living Systems
2) Complexity and Hierarchical Organization
One level builds on previous level
Macromolecules
Cells
Tissue
Organs
Organ system etc
Emergent Characteristics –
Unique characteristics that appear at a given level of organization

7. Properties of Living Systems
3) Reproduction
Replacement of individuals in a population
Types of Reproduction
Asexual
Sexual

8. Properties of Living Systems
4) Possession of a Genetic Program
Faithful transmission of traits – Heredity
Information contained in Genes
Specifically encoded in the DNA

9. Properties of Living Systems
5) Metabolism
Complex chemical processes that go on in cells – provide energy
Two processes
Anabolism – Building up reactions
Catabolism – Breaking down reactions

10. Properties of Living Systems
6) Growth / Development
Changes that take place during the life of an organism
Metamorphosis – The transformation that take place in post-embryonic stages

11. Properties of Living Systems
7) Environmental Interaction
Ecology – Study of interactions between organisms and their environment
Organisms responding to stimuli from environment
IRRITABILITY

12. IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES

13. DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION

14. Charles Darwin
Galapagos Islands
1859 – Published “The Origin of Species”
Major obstacle – Heredity not understood
5 major theories

15. DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION
1) Perpetual Change
Living world is neither constant nor cyclic instead is constantly changing
Fossil Evidence
99% of species that once lived on the planet now extinct

16. DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION
2) Common Descent
All forms of life descended from a common ancestor through branching lineages
PHYLOGENY
DNA studies – Provide evidence

17. DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION
3) Multiplication of Species
new species are produced by the splitting and transformation of older ones
Process known as – Speciation

18. DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION
4) Gradualism
Large differences that characterize different species, originate through the accumulation of small changes over a period of time
Did not take place overnight – but over geological time

19. DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION
5) Natural Selection
Explains why organisms are constructed the way they are
To meet the demands of their environment

20. CLASSIFICATION
Developed by Linnaeus

21. Categories of Animal Classification
Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum - Chordata
Class - Mammalia
Order - Primates
Family - Hominidae
Genus - Homo
Species - sapiens

22. The End

23. Write on Cards Name Year in school Major, Minor, Emphasis
Why are you taking this course?
Name one thing you would like to learn about in this course
Career goals…
Hobbies, interests, anything cool!!!