1. CS 414 - Spring 2012 CS 414 – Multimedia Systems Design Lecture 28 – Final Comments on DASH and Client-Server Buffer Management Klara Nahrstedt Spring 2012

2. Administrative MP2 posted MP2 Deadline – April 7, Saturday, 5pm. CS 414 - Spring 2012

3. DASH AND INTERNET VIDEO MOBILITY CS 414 - Spring 2012

4. Covered Aspects of Multimedia Image/Video Capture Media Server Storage Transmission Compression Processing Audio/Video Presentation Playback Audio/Video Perception/ Playback Audio Information Representation Transmission Audio Capture A/V Playback Image/Video Information Representation CS 414 - Spring 2012

5. DASH featuring Session Mobility (Problem Description) CS 414 - Spring 2012 Problem: User runs DASH streaming session on laptop and decides to switch to Another mobile device Source: Muller et al, MMSys’11

6. Composition of Media Presentations (CMP) Consider layer on top of MDP which specifies initial user and device options Reasons:  Size of MPD expands very quickly (different camera views/angles, subtitles, audio languages, …)  Device pre-configuration (codec, resolution…)  User pre-configuration due to her preferences (camera angle, subtitle, …)  Flexibility and compatibility with existing repository formats CS 414 - Spring 2012

7. CMP Protocol Sequence CS 414 - Spring 2012 (1)At Client Request CMP from Server (1)Once CMP received, check and Configure CMP at client if needed (3) Request for MDP that fulfills Requirements (4) Start standard DASH complaint steps Source: Muller et al, MMSys’11

8. Session Mobility Protocol CS 414 - Spring 2012 (1)Initiate session transfer (2)Digital Item Adaptation (DIA) Starts and preserves current state of Digital Item (segment) (3) Transfer Context digital item To selected device (4) Download CMP (5) Reconfigure device (6) Continue with DASH-compatible protocol Source: Muller et al. MMSys 2011

9. MULTIMEDIA BUFFERING ISSUES CS 414 - Spring 2012

10. Covered Aspects of Multimedia Image/Video Capture Media Server Storage Transmission Compression Processing Audio/Video Presentation Playback Audio/Video Perception/ Playback Audio Information Representation Transmission Audio Capture A/V Playback Image/Video Information Representation CS 414 - Spring 2012

11. Motivation for Buffering Buffers are temporary holding areas of RAM that contain transferable data. In multimedia systems, transferable data occur when  Transmitting multimedia from sender to receiver over Internet  Transferring multimedia from disk to RAM  Transferring multimedia RAM to I/O Devices CS 414 - Spring 2012

12. Layered Code in Multimedia Systems CS 414 - Spring 2012 Sampling/Encoding Streaming Application Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) (Packetization) UDP IP Ethernet Decoding/Playout Streaming Application Real-time Transport Protocol (De-Packetization UDP IP Ethernet SENDER RECEIVER

13. End-to-end Processing and Transmission of Digital Media Signals CS 414 - Spring 2012 Sampling A/D encoder packetization network De- packetization Dec oderplayout Analog Media signal p s (t)e(t) b s (t) b r( t)r(t) d(t) p r (t) p(t) – amount of captured/playout bits its at time t; e(t), d(t) amount of encoded/decoded bits at time t; b(t) - amount of clustered bits at time t

14. Example: Sender and Receiver Curves for transmission of CBR signal (digital speech with 64 kbps over a circuit-switched network) CS 414 - Spring 2012 time p s (t) b s (t) b r (t) p r( t) bytes buffering

15. Sender/Receiver Curves for Transmission of Voice over Packet-switched network CS 414 - Spring 2012 p s (t) b s (t)r(t) p r( t) bytes Late loss

16. Outline Protocol Requirements on Buffer Management Buffer Management  Data Copying  Offset Management  Scatter/Gather System Buffering Strategies  Minbuf  Maxbuf CS 414 - Spring 2012

17. Buffer Management Buffers can be viewed as spatial representation of time Buffer plays very important role in smoothing traffic Network protocols buffer their service data units (SDUs) and use data copying when going from one protocol layer to another Moving data using data copying is very expensive CS 414 - Spring 2012

18. Data Copying CS 414 - Spring 2012 Transport Service Entity (UDP) Copy data Network Service Entity (IP) Buffer for UDP Datagram Kernel User space RTP Streaming Service Buffer for RTP Protocol Data Unit Buffer for IP Datagram Buffer Management System at Receiver Copy data

19. Layered Code in Multimedia Systems CS 414 - Spring 2012 Sampling/Encoding Streaming Application Real-time Transport Protocol (Packetization/ And Segmentation) UDP IP Ethernet Segmentation Decoding/Playout Streaming Application Real-time Transport Protocol (De-Packetization And Re-assembly) UDP IP Ethernet Re-assembly Reassembly SENDER RECEIVER NETWORK

20. Protocol Requirements on Buffer Management and Segmentation CS 414 - Spring 2012 Protocol Requirements Service Data Unit (SDU) Example: Application Data Unit – Video I frame That comes out of encoder PCISDU1 PCISDU2 Buffer Management: Keep identification (PCI) to which application data unit the segment belongs SEGMENTATION Example: I frame gets split into two RTP datagrams

21. Reassembly and Retransmission Requirements on Buffer Management CS 414 - Spring 2012 PCISDU1PCISDU2SDU1SDU2 REASSEMBLY Buffer Management: support linking of memory to form one buffer RETRANSMISSION Buffer Management : logical copy of buffer must exist to store SDUs for Possible retransmission

22. Multi-cast and Multi-target requirements on Buffer Management CS 414 - Spring 2012 S T3 T1 T2 PCI -GroupSDUi Multicast Buffer Management: Keep only One buffer for all recipients Use Multicast Group address (PCI-Group) T1 T2 T3 SDUi PCI-T1 PCI-T2 PCI-T3 Multi-Traget Buffer Management: Keep one memory segment Common to all buffers

23. Buffer Management Techniques CS 414 - Spring 2012 PCI1Data PCI1 DataPCI2 App RTP UDP DATA COPYING 1. app 2. PCI1 added by RTP 3. PCI2 added by UDP 1. data2. PCI13. PCI2 OFFSET MANAGMENT Buffer Management: Assign as large buffer as data + all headers of the protocols require Problems:??? Buffer Management: Copy data and PCIs between protocol layers

24. Buffer Management Techniques (Scatter-Gather) CS 414 - Spring 2012 Scatter/Gather Table Structure DATA DataPTR1 PCI1 PTR2 PCI2 PTR3 Application Buffer Space RTP Buffer Space UDP Buffer Kernel Space Problems: ??? Buffer Management: Establish scatter/gather Table structure across all protocol layers to keep Track where payload (data) and control info (PCIs) Are located

25. Comparison CS 414 - Spring 2012 Data CopyingOffsetScatter/Gather Memory BWHighLow CPU BWHighLow Memory Usage per Layer Optimal for individual protocol layer because exact amount of space will be allocated High for application protocol because it must allocate space more than it needs Compromise, segments are sized depending on requirements Are Protocol Requirements without copying satisfied? NANo, segmentation needs copying Mostly yes (one copy and segmentation must be done when data leaves node)

26. Buffering Strategies in Client- Server Systems CS 414 - Spring 2012 Read encoded frames from VOD Disk Packetization Protocol Stack Processing network De-Packetization Protocol Stack Processing Decoderplayout VOD Server VOD Client

27. VOD Retrieval Transmission and Playout Curves CS 414 - Spring 2012 time bytes Retrieval curve From disk Sending Curve from VOD server Receiving Curve at VOD Client Playout Curve At VOD Client buffers

28. Buffer Management Strategies Clients need buffers for VOD (Video-on- Demand) application to smooth out traffic jitters Buffer management strategies balance bits in transit (buffer size and bits in channel) Fixed Strategy (non-adaptive) and dynamic (adaptive) CS 414 - Spring 2012

29. Buffer Management Strategies Fixed buffer strategy  Static buffer allocation during multimedia call setup phase  Static buffer allocation does not change during run-time Dynamic buffer strategy  Elastic buffer allocation, i.e., allocate buffers during multimedia call setup, but change them during run-time CS 414 - Spring 2012

30. Buffering Strategies at VOD Client Minbuf - minimum buffering strategy  Minbuf minimizes buffering requirements at VOD client, but makes more demands on network (throughput and delay guarantees) Maxbuf – maximum buffering strategy  Maxbuf buffers more than one unit of information and eases QoS guarantees demands on network  Buffering only up to a limit (Buf max ) CS 414 - Spring 2012

31. Conclusion Need buffering at VOD client side Some buffering needed also at VOD Server side  Can use FIFO techniques Reservation memory schemes are possible  Implemented in system, called RK (CMU) Will talk about VOD server in next lectures CS 414 - Spring 2012