1. 1.3 Physical Resource Flows From where do resources come, and where do they end up? versus Learning objective: to grasp how resource flows are created and manipulated, and to become familiar with methods of analysing resource flows and the challenges they pose. Linear flow Loop

2. What comes in …… Water 20-200 kg/p/day Food 2 kg/p/day Energy > 1 kg/p/day Consumer goods 1- ? kg/p/day Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden house- hold

3. … must go out Greywater 20-200 kg/p/day Solid waste 1 - ? Kg/d/p Faeces 0.3 kg/d/p Urine 1.5-3 kg/d/p Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden house- hold pollutants

4. The trick is to bend today´s many linear resource flows Solid waste is the most visible output. It may be discarded or sorted and recycled. Scavengers perform an important service Faecal matter is very small in volume, but is a major health threat unless treated and used wisely Urine (urine) volumes are small. Smells may be a problem unless urine is returned to the soil Grey water is voluminous and a major challenge in dense areas but can be a useful product if handled well Storm water may be a serious problem or it can augment household and irrigation supplies Energy is invisible but heat may be recovered Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

5. Water and nutrient kretslopp Rural home City with linear flows Sorting city food Wastewater = (grey water, urine, and faeces) WWTP wastewater food chemicals J-O Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden Leaking pipes water

6. Three examples of kretslopp thinking Fraction: Solid waste Organic waste Faecal matter Urine (urine) Grey water Storm water In Stockholm sorted in 8 fractions, collected and reused organics composted together with hygien- ised dry faecal material collected and trucked to farm in situ after biological treatment infiltration (no heavy rains) In Kimberley No sorting, collected and put on landfills dried and composted used in situ or by truck to council gardens Grey water to pond after biological treatment, and rainwater to the same pond. Little rain. In Kampala No sorting, burnt in situ, the rest to landfill banana peels etc to animal feed dried and composted in situ or collected Infiltrated in situ and to drains In drains but flooding due to heavy rains Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden Provides heating/energy Provides soil conditioner Liquid fertiliser Irrigation water and biogas Groundwater recharge Soil conditioner Liquid fertiliser Soil conditioner Liquid fertiliser Soil conditioner

7. Material Flow Analysis for human settlements MFA uses the principle of balance: input = output + accumulated stock in the system and provides a systematic description of the flow of goods, materials or substances through various processes and out of the system. Process 1 Process 2 input Process 3 output Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

8. A resource flow model for a hamlet 8 Courtesy of Jenny Aragundy, Ecuador

9. 9 The Stockholm model to improve sustainability Courtesy of Stockholm Water Company

10. food hydrosphere waste handling consumption deposit/ landfill livestockagriculture urine faeces Modelling the situation (MFA) Select the material, product or chemical you are interested in Include all the flows, uses, losses and disposals Find estimates for all flows and stocks 4 STEPS in modelling: (1) Description of the system (2) Formulation of model equations, (3) Calibration, and (4) Simulation incl. sensitivity and uncertainty analysis Decide the boundaries of your system (dashed line) Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

11. Example 1: Actual reuse of nutrients from households in urban agriculture 100% 50% 1870 1910 1950 2000 waste pits + urine diversion +WC only WC+WWTP stop Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden Proportion being reused Heavy metals Glass, tins, ceramics

12. Ex. 1 con´t Examples of ranges for parameters Neset and Drangert, 2010

13. Ex. 1 con´t Sensitivity analysis The filled curves represent calculated averages, while coloured areas between the dotted curves indicate uncertainty ranges due to estimated input data (in kg phosphorus per capita per year) Source: Neset and Drangert, 2010 Phosphorus reuse and phosphorus losses 1870-2000

14. Example 2: Eutrophication of Lake Dianchi, China 55% of TP 45% of TP Kunming city Farmland P leakage river downstream 385 tonnes 33 tonnes Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

15. Dianchi faeces flush urine flush laundry kitchen bath industrial discharge HH denitrificationstreet runoffroof runoff runoff comb. sewer infiltration incl. river water exfiltration wrong connection storm sewer separate storm water drainage treated wastewater overflow out of CSO tank overflow out of combined sewer WWTP sludge CSO tank Ex. 2 Cont Urban P flow to Dianchi Lake, China Source: Huang et al., 2007

16. Ex 2 Con´t Outcome to guide a new strategy 1. Even with the best available treatment technology (BAT with 98% P removal etc.) the discharge would still be twice what the lake can accommodate. 2. A major problem is that during heavy rains the wastewater bypasses the WWTP and washes all wastewater straight into the lake. 3. Groundwater and stormwater enter the poor-quality sewers and make up a large portion of the water coming to the WWTP 4. Source-control measures such as urine-diversion toilets and P-free detergents and body care products are necessary to avoid discharging untreated wastewater downstream the lake and just moving the environmental problems. Source: Huang et al., 2007

17. Example 3 : P flows through Hanoi City Source: Montangero et al., 2004

18. Ex. 3 con´t Phosphorus flows in Hanoi City Courtesy of Agnes Montangero, 2007 Composting Agriculture Market Sewerage & drainage Landfill Organic waste collection On-site sanitation House- holds Water supply

19. Ex. 3 cont Feeding the people of Hanoi - a sensitivity analysis Source: Montangero et al., 2007 2007 (3 M) Business as usual 2015 (5 M residents) No septic tanks No-meat diet

20. Example 4: Nutrients and food security – a global view Only 1/5 of the P in mined rock reaches the food on our forks!

21. Ex 4 cont. Securing a sustainable phosphorus future The future is not all dark! Source: Cordell, Neset, White & Drangert 2009

22. Principle: Organic other solid waste Stormwater sewage Industrial household wastewater Black toilet water greywater Faeces urine Strategies for sanitation improvements Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden