1. 2.2 Major changes over time
Urbanisation and manufacturing are independent factors underlying most changes of our sanitation systems
Source: Rathnabharathie and Kariyawasam, 2007
Learning objective: to become aware of the long-term impacts of society on sanitation systems and origins of change

2. Was the strong link between the water and sanitation in the 20th century a brief detour in human history?
Most common
Parenthesis?
What will come next ?
agriculture +
sanitation
water +
sanitation
agriculture +
sanitation
All rural
Essentially urban
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linkoping University, Sweden

3. Urine-diverting toilet in the 1860s and sanitation footprints 1910
faeces
vent pipe
urine
collector
60km
Stock- holm
urine bowl
(broken)
urine
funnel
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linkoping University, Sweden

4. How pipes gradually took over waste transport
Period
Solid
street-
waste
kitchen-
faeces
urine
Wastewater
1800
1870
1900
1950
1970
2000
Solid waste
Excreta
Earth pits for all household waste and content emptied in garden or on nearby farm
Disposed of in streets or in yard
Latrine buckets of metal
Disposed of in streets or in yard
Urine and greywater to a septic tank/waste pit or straight to water body
Container for solid waste
Black (WC)- and greywater in pipe to water body without any treatment
Solid waste incinerated Some garbage sorted
Wastewater treatment plants being built
Sorting of garbage and reuse
Some sludge applied on farmland
Scenario 1: grinder for kitchen waste, increased mixing of waste and incineration
Scenario 2: garbage sorted in more fractions, which are treated separately and used in production of new products
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linkoping University, Sweden

5. The history of management of water and used water over the 20th century and beyond
Supply
Management
Demand   
Reuse
Priority 1: provide water
no longer the only concern
Priority 1: reduce water volume and
emerging interest in wastewater
Pri 1: wastewater
quality
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

6. Mexico City now has 20+ million peopleMC
Latest opened water source
1 KM
100 KM
Next?
2 KM
200 km
Courtesy of Ian Adler, International Renewable Resources Institute, Mexico
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

7. What we have seen so far …..
More pipes and more mixing of various flows has been the mantra for a long period
But of late, there is a slow shift in focus from supply issues to what happens to water and waste materials after they are used
New focus: to improve the way we deal with excreta, organic solid waste and wastewater in order to treat and use these resources again
The future sources of water and nutrients will come from reusing water and waste materials
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden