1. Module 4.10 Ecosan versus conventional sanitation How can dry UD ecosan system be compared with a conventional systems (open defecation, latrine pit, water-borne)?

2. 4 Swedish systems with nutrient recovery compared 1.Reference. Conventional system. N & P removal in WWTP. Effluent: 8 mg N & 0.24 mg P/l. Sludge incinerated, ash landfilled. 2.Urine. 80% of urine diverted & recycled as fertiliser. Rest = reference 3.Blackwater. Vacuum toilets. Collected blackwater anaerobically digested, sanitised & recycled as fertiliser. Rest = reference 4.Sludge. Sludge recycled as fertiliser. Rest = reference

3. Recycled plant available NPKS

4. Energy use

5. Total use non-renewable

6. Other studies of sorting systems Many systems analysis have found same results: Urine diversion – decreases water emissions – gives lots of useful fertiliser – saves chemical fertiliser – saves energy

7. Recycled NPK vs degree of diversion

8. Water emissions vs degree of diversion

9. Energy usage vs degree of diversion http://www.stockholmvatten.se/pdf_arkiv/english/Urinsep_eng.pdf

10. Energy usage vs transport distance

11. System boarders What to include and what to exclude? UDD – Solid organic waste – Energy production – Fertiliser production Food production – Delivered sanitational function Greywater Drinking water Other waste

12. Productive Sanitation N=2.8kg P=0.4kg K=0.5 kg Nutrient flow per person and year Food Excreta Fertiliser

13. Value of fertiliser - urine 2.8kg N = 6kg Urea 0.5/kg = 3 0.4 kg P = 2kg TPS ~0.4/kg = 0.8 0.5 kg K = 1kg KCl ~0.4/kg = 0.4 Total value 4.2 per person and year = 0.012 per person day Value per jerry can 20L ~ 0.23 Can at least pay for transport and spreading Non-subsidised

14. Cost for ecosan Pour flush toilet 1900 INR (35) EcoSan toilet4200 INR (77)

15. Fertiliser per family NPK 10-5-20 Indian, price 5.5 INR/kg (0.1) Value 880 INR/year (16) Present value years 2-10: 5070 INR! (93)

16. Conclusion Pour flush toilet cost: 1900 R EcoSan toilet cost: 4200 R – Income from fertiliser: 5080 R Fertiliser can pay for toilet in 10 years, not just additional cost! Additionally Less hazard to ground & surface water – Saves on drinking water – Protects health

17. Cost sharing Having no toilet has lowest investment & direct running costs! Only type of toilet where the investment can directly pay off The cost of Ecosan is compatitive compared with any other ecological solution The cost is largely paid by household when building – no risk for corruption at municipal level – higher cost acceptance More private enterprise – more competition – saves taxes