1. Poster Draft from Bioengineering’s Capstone Design Course

2. SpiralAT: First Generation Artificial Trachea Theodore John, Insiya Hussain, Nicole Campuzano, and Yoon Kim Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas SpiralAT@aim.com s Mission Statement We aim to provide the first artificial trachea unit that is: Ready for immediate implantation in life-threatened patients Performed in a single-step surgical procedure Motivation for Artificial Trachea Clinical Significance of Tracheal Replacement 90% of primary tracheal cancers are malignant Of the 90,000 new cases/year of cancers in nearby throat tissues, 25-50% will develop into secondary tracheal cancer Other patients suffer from congenital defects and physical trauma Currently, there is no standardized solution Current Approaches Sub-optimal Tracheal resection: limited for secondary tumors Radiation: studies vary in conclusions of effectiveness Case-by-case artificial trachea: multi-staged surgeries, impractical for patients with urgent needs Solution: The SpiralAT Ready for immediate implantation Helical geometry provides increased stability and rigidity Porous mesh allows for enhanced tissue integration Design Objectives Mechanical Testing 3-point bending test Compression test Biocompatibility Testing Future Clinical Studies in Canines Quantitative analysis of extent of skin flap integration Measuring cross-sectional area at the most stenotic point of the trachea Qualitative endoscopy Tissue ingrowth Inflammation Granulation tissue formation Wound dehiscence Tracheal extrusion/migration Conclusion Need: Readily implantable, tracheal replacement performed in a single-step surgery Solution: Standardized artificial trachea unit that comprises a polyethylene helical structure for stability and a polypropylene mesh for good tissue integration Preliminary tests show that the SpiralAT allows for flexible motion without any permanent deformation or fracture References Glatz F, Neumeister M, Suchy H, Lyons S, Damikas D, Mowlavi A., A tissue-engineering technique for vascularized laryngotracheal reconstruction, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Feb;129(2):201- 6 Fujiwara T, Maeda M, Kuwae K, Nakagawa T, Nakao K., Free- prefabricated auricular composite graft: a new method for reconstruction following extended hemilaryngectomy, Br J Plast Surg. 2005 Mar;58(2):153-7 US Dept of Health and Human Services Cancer Statistics 2002 American Cancer Society 2006 Acknowledgements We’re grateful for the support of Dr. Peirong Yu, Dr. Michael Liebschner, Dr. Maria Oden, Kevin Bowen, Eugene Koay, Cain Project, and Rice University’s Dept. of Bioengineering. Biocompatibility Biocompatibility Scar tissue < 10% of total surface area Stable and Sufficient Vascularization > 90% of tissue vascularized Specific Size 3.3-3.5 cm diameter 6 cm length Functional Range of Motion Flexibility in flexion/extension (flex/ext) and lateral bending Fig. 2. Simulation of flex/ext using a tennis ball covered crosshead to distribute the force across a wide area of the sample Fig. 3. Increasing BLANK shows increasing BLANK (crosshead speed=20 mm/min, max extension=10 mm) Fig. 4. Simulation of flex/ext lateral bending using an angled wedge attached to upper crosshead used to focus compressive force on one side Fig. 5. Increasing load results in elastic deformation for flex/ext and lateral bending (crosshead speed=20 mm/min, max extension=10 mm) Fig. 1. The SpiralAT consists of 2 separate components, a polyethylene helical support structure (A) and a polypropylene mesh shell (B) Deformation (mm) Load (N) Deformation (mm) Load (N) Fig. 6. Post-operative examination of an artificial trachea in canine throat A B

3. SpiralAT: First Generation Artificial Trachea Theodore John, Insiya Hussain, Nicole Campuzano, and Yoon Kim Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas SpiralAT@aim.com s Mission Statement We aim to provide the first artificial trachea unit that is: Ready for immediate implantation in life-threatened patients Performed in a single-step surgical procedure Motivation for Artificial Trachea Clinical Significance of Tracheal Replacement 90% of primary tracheal cancers are malignant Of the 90,000 new cases/year of cancers in nearby throat tissues, 25-50% will develop into secondary tracheal cancer Other patients suffer from congenital defects and physical trauma Currently, there is no standardized solution Current Approaches Sub-optimal Tracheal resection: limited for secondary tumors Radiation: studies vary in conclusions of effectiveness Case-by-case artificial trachea: multi-staged surgeries, impractical for patients with urgent needs Solution: The SpiralAT Ready for immediate implantation Helical geometry provides increased stability and rigidity Porous mesh allows for enhanced tissue integration Design Objectives Mechanical Testing 3-point bending test Compression test Biocompatibility Testing Future Clinical Studies in Canines Quantitative analysis of extent of skin flap integration Measuring cross-sectional area at the most stenotic point of the trachea Qualitative endoscopy Tissue ingrowth Inflammation Granulation tissue formation Wound dehiscence Tracheal extrusion/migration Conclusion Need: Readily implantable, tracheal replacement performed in a single-step surgery Solution: Standardized artificial trachea unit that comprises a polyethylene helical structure for stability and a polypropylene mesh for good tissue integration Preliminary tests show that the SpiralAT allows for flexible motion without any permanent deformation or fracture References Glatz F, Neumeister M, Suchy H, Lyons S, Damikas D, Mowlavi A., A tissue-engineering technique for vascularized laryngotracheal reconstruction, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Feb;129(2):201- 6 Fujiwara T, Maeda M, Kuwae K, Nakagawa T, Nakao K., Free- prefabricated auricular composite graft: a new method for reconstruction following extended hemilaryngectomy, Br J Plast Surg. 2005 Mar;58(2):153-7 US Dept of Health and Human Services Cancer Statistics 2002 American Cancer Society 2006 Acknowledgements We’re grateful for the support of Dr. Peirong Yu, Dr. Michael Liebschner, Dr. Maria Oden, Kevin Bowen, Eugene Koay, Cain Project, and Rice University’s Dept. of Bioengineering. Biocompatibility Biocompatibility Scar tissue < 10% of total surface area Stable and Sufficient Vascularization > 90% of tissue vascularized Specific Size 3.3-3.5 cm diameter 6 cm length Functional Range of Motion Flexibility in flexion/extension (flex/ext) and lateral bending Fig. 2. Simulation of flex/ext using a tennis ball covered crosshead to distribute the force across a wide area of the sample Fig. 3. Increasing BLANK shows increasing BLANK (crosshead speed=20 mm/min, max extension=10 mm) Fig. 4. Simulation of flex/ext lateral bending using an angled wedge attached to upper crosshead used to focus compressive force on one side Fig. 5. Increasing load results in elastic deformation for flex/ext and lateral bending (crosshead speed=20 mm/min, max extension=10 mm) Fig. 1. The SpiralAT consists of 2 separate components, a polyethylene helical support structure (A) and a polypropylene mesh shell (B) Deformation (mm) Load (N) Deformation (mm) Load (N) Fig. 6. Post-operative examination of an artificial trachea in canine throat A B Nice background, title bar and headings

4. SpiralAT: First Generation Artificial Trachea Theodore John, Insiya Hussain, Nicole Campuzano, and Yoon Kim Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas SpiralAT@aim.com s Mission Statement We aim to provide the first artificial trachea unit that is: Ready for immediate implantation in life-threatened patients Performed in a single-step surgical procedure Motivation for Artificial Trachea Clinical Significance of Tracheal Replacement 90% of primary tracheal cancers are malignant Of the 90,000 new cases/year of cancers in nearby throat tissues, 25-50% will develop into secondary tracheal cancer Other patients suffer from congenital defects and physical trauma Currently, there is no standardized solution Current Approaches Sub-optimal Tracheal resection: limited for secondary tumors Radiation: studies vary in conclusions of effectiveness Case-by-case artificial trachea: multi-staged surgeries, impractical for patients with urgent needs Solution: The SpiralAT Ready for immediate implantation Helical geometry provides increased stability and rigidity Porous mesh allows for enhanced tissue integration Design Objectives Mechanical Testing 3-point bending test Compression test Biocompatibility Testing Future Clinical Studies in Canines Quantitative analysis of extent of skin flap integration Measuring cross-sectional area at the most stenotic point of the trachea Qualitative endoscopy Tissue ingrowth Inflammation Granulation tissue formation Wound dehiscence Tracheal extrusion/migration Conclusion Need: Readily implantable, tracheal replacement performed in a single-step surgery Solution: Standardized artificial trachea unit that comprises a polyethylene helical structure for stability and a polypropylene mesh for good tissue integration Preliminary tests show that the SpiralAT allows for flexible motion without any permanent deformation or fracture References Glatz F, Neumeister M, Suchy H, Lyons S, Damikas D, Mowlavi A., A tissue-engineering technique for vascularized laryngotracheal reconstruction, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Feb;129(2):201- 6 Fujiwara T, Maeda M, Kuwae K, Nakagawa T, Nakao K., Free- prefabricated auricular composite graft: a new method for reconstruction following extended hemilaryngectomy, Br J Plast Surg. 2005 Mar;58(2):153-7 US Dept of Health and Human Services Cancer Statistics 2002 American Cancer Society 2006 Acknowledgements We’re grateful for the support of Dr. Peirong Yu, Dr. Michael Liebschner, Dr. Maria Oden, Kevin Bowen, Eugene Koay, Cain Project, and Rice University’s Dept. of Bioengineering. Biocompatibility Biocompatibility Scar tissue < 10% of total surface area Stable and Sufficient Vascularization > 90% of tissue vascularized Specific Size 3.3-3.5 cm diameter 6 cm length Functional Range of Motion Flexibility in flexion/extension (flex/ext) and lateral bending Fig. 2. Simulation of flex/ext using a tennis ball covered crosshead to distribute the force across a wide area of the sample Fig. 3. Increasing BLANK shows increasing BLANK (crosshead speed=20 mm/min, max extension=10 mm) Fig. 4. Simulation of flex/ext lateral bending using an angled wedge attached to upper crosshead used to focus compressive force on one side Fig. 5. Increasing load results in elastic deformation for flex/ext and lateral bending (crosshead speed=20 mm/min, max extension=10 mm) Fig. 1. The SpiralAT consists of 2 separate components, a polyethylene helical support structure (A) and a polypropylene mesh shell (B) Deformation (mm) Load (N) Deformation (mm) Load (N) Fig. 6. Post-operative examination of an artificial trachea in canine throat A B Mission statement should be one sentence; needs emphasis. Increase white space to the left of the text/bullets in this vertical white panel. Bullets and corresponding text should be closer together. Too much white space between headings and text in each section.

5. SpiralAT: First Generation Artificial Trachea Theodore John, Insiya Hussain, Nicole Campuzano, and Yoon Kim Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas SpiralAT@aim.com s Mission Statement We aim to provide the first artificial trachea unit that is: Ready for immediate implantation in life-threatened patients Performed in a single-step surgical procedure Motivation for Artificial Trachea Clinical Significance of Tracheal Replacement 90% of primary tracheal cancers are malignant Of the 90,000 new cases/year of cancers in nearby throat tissues, 25-50% will develop into secondary tracheal cancer Other patients suffer from congenital defects and physical trauma Currently, there is no standardized solution Current Approaches Sub-optimal Tracheal resection: limited for secondary tumors Radiation: studies vary in conclusions of effectiveness Case-by-case artificial trachea: multi-staged surgeries, impractical for patients with urgent needs Solution: The SpiralAT Ready for immediate implantation Helical geometry provides increased stability and rigidity Porous mesh allows for enhanced tissue integration Design Objectives Mechanical Testing 3-point bending test Compression test Biocompatibility Testing Future Clinical Studies in Canines Quantitative analysis of extent of skin flap integration Measuring cross-sectional area at the most stenotic point of the trachea Qualitative endoscopy Tissue ingrowth Inflammation Granulation tissue formation Wound dehiscence Tracheal extrusion/migration Conclusion Need: Readily implantable, tracheal replacement performed in a single-step surgery Solution: Standardized artificial trachea unit that comprises a polyethylene helical structure for stability and a polypropylene mesh for good tissue integration Preliminary tests show that the SpiralAT allows for flexible motion without any permanent deformation or fracture References Glatz F, Neumeister M, Suchy H, Lyons S, Damikas D, Mowlavi A., A tissue-engineering technique for vascularized laryngotracheal reconstruction, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Feb;129(2):201- 6 Fujiwara T, Maeda M, Kuwae K, Nakagawa T, Nakao K., Free- prefabricated auricular composite graft: a new method for reconstruction following extended hemilaryngectomy, Br J Plast Surg. 2005 Mar;58(2):153-7 US Dept of Health and Human Services Cancer Statistics 2002 American Cancer Society 2006 Acknowledgements We’re grateful for the support of Dr. Peirong Yu, Dr. Michael Liebschner, Dr. Maria Oden, Kevin Bowen, Eugene Koay, Cain Project, and Rice University’s Dept. of Bioengineering. Biocompatibility Biocompatibility Scar tissue < 10% of total surface area Stable and Sufficient Vascularization > 90% of tissue vascularized Specific Size 3.3-3.5 cm diameter 6 cm length Functional Range of Motion Flexibility in flexion/extension (flex/ext) and lateral bending Fig. 2. Simulation of flex/ext using a tennis ball covered crosshead to distribute the force across a wide area of the sample Fig. 3. Increasing BLANK shows increasing BLANK (crosshead speed=20 mm/min, max extension=10 mm) Fig. 4. Simulation of flex/ext lateral bending using an angled wedge attached to upper crosshead used to focus compressive force on one side Fig. 5. Increasing load results in elastic deformation for flex/ext and lateral bending (crosshead speed=20 mm/min, max extension=10 mm) Fig. 1. The SpiralAT consists of 2 separate components, a polyethylene helical support structure (A) and a polypropylene mesh shell (B) Deformation (mm) Load (N) Deformation (mm) Load (N) Fig. 6. Post-operative examination of an artificial trachea in canine throat A B Punctuate sentences. Cut “Currently”; emphasize with bold/color: “There is no standardized...” “Limited” how?

6. SpiralAT: First Generation Artificial Trachea Theodore John, Insiya Hussain, Nicole Campuzano, and Yoon Kim Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas SpiralAT@aim.com s Mission Statement We aim to provide the first artificial trachea unit that is: Ready for immediate implantation in life-threatened patients Performed in a single-step surgical procedure Motivation for Artificial Trachea Clinical Significance of Tracheal Replacement 90% of primary tracheal cancers are malignant Of the 90,000 new cases/year of cancers in nearby throat tissues, 25-50% will develop into secondary tracheal cancer Other patients suffer from congenital defects and physical trauma Currently, there is no standardized solution Current Approaches Sub-optimal Tracheal resection: limited for secondary tumors Radiation: studies vary in conclusions of effectiveness Case-by-case artificial trachea: multi-staged surgeries, impractical for patients with urgent needs Solution: The SpiralAT Ready for immediate implantation Helical geometry provides increased stability and rigidity Porous mesh allows for enhanced tissue integration Design Objectives Mechanical Testing 3-point bending test Compression test Biocompatibility Testing Future Clinical Studies in Canines Quantitative analysis of extent of skin flap integration Measuring cross-sectional area at the most stenotic point of the trachea Qualitative endoscopy Tissue ingrowth Inflammation Granulation tissue formation Wound dehiscence Tracheal extrusion/migration Conclusion Need: Readily implantable, tracheal replacement performed in a single-step surgery Solution: Standardized artificial trachea unit that comprises a polyethylene helical structure for stability and a polypropylene mesh for good tissue integration Preliminary tests show that the SpiralAT allows for flexible motion without any permanent deformation or fracture References Glatz F, Neumeister M, Suchy H, Lyons S, Damikas D, Mowlavi A., A tissue-engineering technique for vascularized laryngotracheal reconstruction, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Feb;129(2):201- 6 Fujiwara T, Maeda M, Kuwae K, Nakagawa T, Nakao K., Free- prefabricated auricular composite graft: a new method for reconstruction following extended hemilaryngectomy, Br J Plast Surg. 2005 Mar;58(2):153-7 US Dept of Health and Human Services Cancer Statistics 2002 American Cancer Society 2006 Acknowledgements We’re grateful for the support of Dr. Peirong Yu, Dr. Michael Liebschner, Dr. Maria Oden, Kevin Bowen, Eugene Koay, Cain Project, and Rice University’s Dept. of Bioengineering. Biocompatibility Biocompatibility Scar tissue < 10% of total surface area Stable and Sufficient Vascularization > 90% of tissue vascularized Specific Size 3.3-3.5 cm diameter 6 cm length Functional Range of Motion Flexibility in flexion/extension (flex/ext) and lateral bending Fig. 2. Simulation of flex/ext using a tennis ball covered crosshead to distribute the force across a wide area of the sample Fig. 3. Increasing BLANK shows increasing BLANK (crosshead speed=20 mm/min, max extension=10 mm) Fig. 4. Simulation of flex/ext lateral bending using an angled wedge attached to upper crosshead used to focus compressive force on one side Fig. 5. Increasing load results in elastic deformation for flex/ext and lateral bending (crosshead speed=20 mm/min, max extension=10 mm) Fig. 1. The SpiralAT consists of 2 separate components, a polyethylene helical support structure (A) and a polypropylene mesh shell (B) Deformation (mm) Load (N) Deformation (mm) Load (N) Fig. 6. Post-operative examination of an artificial trachea in canine throat A B Label image and cut caption What about the other prototypes? Use different size or bold font to emphasize the difference between regular text and figure caption.

7. SpiralAT: First Generation Artificial Trachea Theodore John, Insiya Hussain, Nicole Campuzano, and Yoon Kim Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas SpiralAT@aim.com s Mission Statement We aim to provide the first artificial trachea unit that is: Ready for immediate implantation in life-threatened patients Performed in a single-step surgical procedure Motivation for Artificial Trachea Clinical Significance of Tracheal Replacement 90% of primary tracheal cancers are malignant Of the 90,000 new cases/year of cancers in nearby throat tissues, 25-50% will develop into secondary tracheal cancer Other patients suffer from congenital defects and physical trauma Currently, there is no standardized solution Current Approaches Sub-optimal Tracheal resection: limited for secondary tumors Radiation: studies vary in conclusions of effectiveness Case-by-case artificial trachea: multi-staged surgeries, impractical for patients with urgent needs Solution: The SpiralAT Ready for immediate implantation Helical geometry provides increased stability and rigidity Porous mesh allows for enhanced tissue integration Design Objectives Mechanical Testing 3-point bending test Compression test Biocompatibility Testing Future Clinical Studies in Canines Quantitative analysis of extent of skin flap integration Measuring cross-sectional area at the most stenotic point of the trachea Qualitative endoscopy Tissue ingrowth Inflammation Granulation tissue formation Wound dehiscence Tracheal extrusion/migration Conclusion Need: Readily implantable, tracheal replacement performed in a single-step surgery Solution: Standardized artificial trachea unit that comprises a polyethylene helical structure for stability and a polypropylene mesh for good tissue integration Preliminary tests show that the SpiralAT allows for flexible motion without any permanent deformation or fracture References Glatz F, Neumeister M, Suchy H, Lyons S, Damikas D, Mowlavi A., A tissue-engineering technique for vascularized laryngotracheal reconstruction, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Feb;129(2):201- 6 Fujiwara T, Maeda M, Kuwae K, Nakagawa T, Nakao K., Free- prefabricated auricular composite graft: a new method for reconstruction following extended hemilaryngectomy, Br J Plast Surg. 2005 Mar;58(2):153-7 US Dept of Health and Human Services Cancer Statistics 2002 American Cancer Society 2006 Acknowledgements We’re grateful for the support of Dr. Peirong Yu, Dr. Michael Liebschner, Dr. Maria Oden, Kevin Bowen, Eugene Koay, Cain Project, and Rice University’s Dept. of Bioengineering. Biocompatibility Biocompatibility Scar tissue < 10% of total surface area Stable and Sufficient Vascularization > 90% of tissue vascularized Specific Size 3.3-3.5 cm diameter 6 cm length Functional Range of Motion Flexibility in flexion/extension (flex/ext) and lateral bending Fig. 2. Simulation of flex/ext using a tennis ball covered crosshead to distribute the force across a wide area of the sample Fig. 3. Increasing BLANK shows increasing BLANK (crosshead speed=20 mm/min, max extension=10 mm) Fig. 4. Simulation of flex/ext lateral bending using an angled wedge attached to upper crosshead used to focus compressive force on one side Fig. 5. Increasing load results in elastic deformation for flex/ext and lateral bending (crosshead speed=20 mm/min, max extension=10 mm) Fig. 1. The SpiralAT consists of 2 separate components, a polyethylene helical support structure (A) and a polypropylene mesh shell (B) Deformation (mm) Load (N) Deformation (mm) Load (N) Fig. 6. Post-operative examination of an artificial trachea in canine throat A B Word choice? Dimensions? Consider placing Design Objectives before your Solution. Design doesn’t address this issue.

8. SpiralAT: First Generation Artificial Trachea Theodore John, Insiya Hussain, Nicole Campuzano, and Yoon Kim Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas SpiralAT@aim.com s Mission Statement We aim to provide the first artificial trachea unit that is: Ready for immediate implantation in life-threatened patients Performed in a single-step surgical procedure Motivation for Artificial Trachea Clinical Significance of Tracheal Replacement 90% of primary tracheal cancers are malignant Of the 90,000 new cases/year of cancers in nearby throat tissues, 25-50% will develop into secondary tracheal cancer Other patients suffer from congenital defects and physical trauma Currently, there is no standardized solution Current Approaches Sub-optimal Tracheal resection: limited for secondary tumors Radiation: studies vary in conclusions of effectiveness Case-by-case artificial trachea: multi-staged surgeries, impractical for patients with urgent needs Solution: The SpiralAT Ready for immediate implantation Helical geometry provides increased stability and rigidity Porous mesh allows for enhanced tissue integration Design Objectives Mechanical Testing 3-point bending test Compression test Biocompatibility Testing Future Clinical Studies in Canines Quantitative analysis of extent of skin flap integration Measuring cross-sectional area at the most stenotic point of the trachea Qualitative endoscopy Tissue ingrowth Inflammation Granulation tissue formation Wound dehiscence Tracheal extrusion/migration Conclusion Need: Readily implantable, tracheal replacement performed in a single-step surgery Solution: Standardized artificial trachea unit that comprises a polyethylene helical structure for stability and a polypropylene mesh for good tissue integration Preliminary tests show that the SpiralAT allows for flexible motion without any permanent deformation or fracture References Glatz F, Neumeister M, Suchy H, Lyons S, Damikas D, Mowlavi A., A tissue-engineering technique for vascularized laryngotracheal reconstruction, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Feb;129(2):201- 6 Fujiwara T, Maeda M, Kuwae K, Nakagawa T, Nakao K., Free- prefabricated auricular composite graft: a new method for reconstruction following extended hemilaryngectomy, Br J Plast Surg. 2005 Mar;58(2):153-7 US Dept of Health and Human Services Cancer Statistics 2002 American Cancer Society 2006 Acknowledgements We’re grateful for the support of Dr. Peirong Yu, Dr. Michael Liebschner, Dr. Maria Oden, Kevin Bowen, Eugene Koay, Cain Project, and Rice University’s Dept. of Bioengineering. Biocompatibility Biocompatibility Scar tissue < 10% of total surface area Stable and Sufficient Vascularization > 90% of tissue vascularized Specific Size 3.3-3.5 cm diameter 6 cm length Functional Range of Motion Flexibility in flexion/extension (flex/ext) and lateral bending Fig. 2. Simulation of flex/ext using a tennis ball covered crosshead to distribute the force across a wide area of the sample Fig. 3. Increasing BLANK shows increasing BLANK (crosshead speed=20 mm/min, max extension=10 mm) Fig. 4. Simulation of flex/ext lateral bending using an angled wedge attached to upper crosshead used to focus compressive force on one side Fig. 5. Increasing load results in elastic deformation for flex/ext and lateral bending (crosshead speed=20 mm/min, max extension=10 mm) Fig. 1. The SpiralAT consists of 2 separate components, a polyethylene helical support structure (A) and a polypropylene mesh shell (B) Deformation (mm) Load (N) Deformation (mm) Load (N) Fig. 6. Post-operative examination of an artificial trachea in canine throat A B Use r 2 ; too many sig figs? Tests and results are buried in captions. Separate the testing of prototypes. Multiple tests for multiple prototypes

9. SpiralAT: First Generation Artificial Trachea Theodore John, Insiya Hussain, Nicole Campuzano, and Yoon Kim Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas SpiralAT@aim.com s Mission Statement We aim to provide the first artificial trachea unit that is: Ready for immediate implantation in life-threatened patients Performed in a single-step surgical procedure Motivation for Artificial Trachea Clinical Significance of Tracheal Replacement 90% of primary tracheal cancers are malignant Of the 90,000 new cases/year of cancers in nearby throat tissues, 25-50% will develop into secondary tracheal cancer Other patients suffer from congenital defects and physical trauma Currently, there is no standardized solution Current Approaches Sub-optimal Tracheal resection: limited for secondary tumors Radiation: studies vary in conclusions of effectiveness Case-by-case artificial trachea: multi-staged surgeries, impractical for patients with urgent needs Solution: The SpiralAT Ready for immediate implantation Helical geometry provides increased stability and rigidity Porous mesh allows for enhanced tissue integration Design Objectives Mechanical Testing 3-point bending test Compression test Biocompatibility Testing Future Clinical Studies in Canines Quantitative analysis of extent of skin flap integration Measuring cross-sectional area at the most stenotic point of the trachea Qualitative endoscopy Tissue ingrowth Inflammation Granulation tissue formation Wound dehiscence Tracheal extrusion/migration Conclusion Need: Readily implantable, tracheal replacement performed in a single-step surgery Solution: Standardized artificial trachea unit that comprises a polyethylene helical structure for stability and a polypropylene mesh for good tissue integration Preliminary tests show that the SpiralAT allows for flexible motion without any permanent deformation or fracture References Glatz F, Neumeister M, Suchy H, Lyons S, Damikas D, Mowlavi A., A tissue-engineering technique for vascularized laryngotracheal reconstruction, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Feb;129(2):201- 6 Fujiwara T, Maeda M, Kuwae K, Nakagawa T, Nakao K., Free- prefabricated auricular composite graft: a new method for reconstruction following extended hemilaryngectomy, Br J Plast Surg. 2005 Mar;58(2):153-7 US Dept of Health and Human Services Cancer Statistics 2002 American Cancer Society 2006 Acknowledgements We’re grateful for the support of Dr. Peirong Yu, Dr. Michael Liebschner, Dr. Maria Oden, Kevin Bowen, Eugene Koay, Cain Project, and Rice University’s Dept. of Bioengineering. Biocompatibility Biocompatibility Scar tissue < 10% of total surface area Stable and Sufficient Vascularization > 90% of tissue vascularized Specific Size 3.3-3.5 cm diameter 6 cm length Functional Range of Motion Flexibility in flexion/extension (flex/ext) and lateral bending Fig. 2. Simulation of flex/ext using a tennis ball covered crosshead to distribute the force across a wide area of the sample Fig. 3. Increasing BLANK shows increasing BLANK (crosshead speed=20 mm/min, max extension=10 mm) Fig. 4. Simulation of flex/ext lateral bending using an angled wedge attached to upper crosshead used to focus compressive force on one side Fig. 5. Increasing load results in elastic deformation for flex/ext and lateral bending (crosshead speed=20 mm/min, max extension=10 mm) Fig. 1. The SpiralAT consists of 2 separate components, a polyethylene helical support structure (A) and a polypropylene mesh shell (B) Deformation (mm) Load (N) Deformation (mm) Load (N) Fig. 6. Post-operative examination of an artificial trachea in canine throat A B Good spacing of bullets here, but use different style for sub-bullets. Lots of space for something not done. Avoid jargon. Caption font & line spacing should be smaller.

10. SpiralAT: First Generation Artificial Trachea Theodore John, Insiya Hussain, Nicole Campuzano, and Yoon Kim Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas SpiralAT@aim.com s Mission Statement We aim to provide the first artificial trachea unit that is: Ready for immediate implantation in life-threatened patients Performed in a single-step surgical procedure Motivation for Artificial Trachea Clinical Significance of Tracheal Replacement 90% of primary tracheal cancers are malignant Of the 90,000 new cases/year of cancers in nearby throat tissues, 25-50% will develop into secondary tracheal cancer Other patients suffer from congenital defects and physical trauma Currently, there is no standardized solution Current Approaches Sub-optimal Tracheal resection: limited for secondary tumors Radiation: studies vary in conclusions of effectiveness Case-by-case artificial trachea: multi-staged surgeries, impractical for patients with urgent needs Solution: The SpiralAT Ready for immediate implantation Helical geometry provides increased stability and rigidity Porous mesh allows for enhanced tissue integration Design Objectives Mechanical Testing 3-point bending test Compression test Biocompatibility Testing Future Clinical Studies in Canines Quantitative analysis of extent of skin flap integration Measuring cross-sectional area at the most stenotic point of the trachea Qualitative endoscopy Tissue ingrowth Inflammation Granulation tissue formation Wound dehiscence Tracheal extrusion/migration Conclusion Need: Readily implantable, tracheal replacement performed in a single-step surgery Solution: Standardized artificial trachea unit that comprises a polyethylene helical structure for stability and a polypropylene mesh for good tissue integration Preliminary tests show that the SpiralAT allows for flexible motion without any permanent deformation or fracture References Glatz F, Neumeister M, Suchy H, Lyons S, Damikas D, Mowlavi A., A tissue-engineering technique for vascularized laryngotracheal reconstruction, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Feb;129(2):201- 6 Fujiwara T, Maeda M, Kuwae K, Nakagawa T, Nakao K., Free- prefabricated auricular composite graft: a new method for reconstruction following extended hemilaryngectomy, Br J Plast Surg. 2005 Mar;58(2):153-7 US Dept of Health and Human Services Cancer Statistics 2002 American Cancer Society 2006 Acknowledgements We’re grateful for the support of Dr. Peirong Yu, Dr. Michael Liebschner, Dr. Maria Oden, Kevin Bowen, Eugene Koay, Cain Project, and Rice University’s Dept. of Bioengineering. Biocompatibility Biocompatibility Scar tissue < 10% of total surface area Stable and Sufficient Vascularization > 90% of tissue vascularized Specific Size 3.3-3.5 cm diameter 6 cm length Functional Range of Motion Flexibility in flexion/extension (flex/ext) and lateral bending Fig. 2. Simulation of flex/ext using a tennis ball covered crosshead to distribute the force across a wide area of the sample Fig. 3. Increasing BLANK shows increasing BLANK (crosshead speed=20 mm/min, max extension=10 mm) Fig. 4. Simulation of flex/ext lateral bending using an angled wedge attached to upper crosshead used to focus compressive force on one side Fig. 5. Increasing load results in elastic deformation for flex/ext and lateral bending (crosshead speed=20 mm/min, max extension=10 mm) Fig. 1. The SpiralAT consists of 2 separate components, a polyethylene helical support structure (A) and a polypropylene mesh shell (B) Deformation (mm) Load (N) Deformation (mm) Load (N) Fig. 6. Post-operative examination of an artificial trachea in canine throat A B Too many words obscure key point. Evidence? Is it like in the body?

11. SpiralAT: First Generation Artificial Trachea Theodore John, Insiya Hussain, Nicole Campuzano, and Yoon Kim Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas SpiralAT@aim.com s Mission Statement We aim to provide the first artificial trachea unit that is: Ready for immediate implantation in life-threatened patients Performed in a single-step surgical procedure Motivation for Artificial Trachea Clinical Significance of Tracheal Replacement 90% of primary tracheal cancers are malignant Of the 90,000 new cases/year of cancers in nearby throat tissues, 25-50% will develop into secondary tracheal cancer Other patients suffer from congenital defects and physical trauma Currently, there is no standardized solution Current Approaches Sub-optimal Tracheal resection: limited for secondary tumors Radiation: studies vary in conclusions of effectiveness Case-by-case artificial trachea: multi-staged surgeries, impractical for patients with urgent needs Solution: The SpiralAT Ready for immediate implantation Helical geometry provides increased stability and rigidity Porous mesh allows for enhanced tissue integration Design Objectives Mechanical Testing 3-point bending test Compression test Biocompatibility Testing Future Clinical Studies in Canines Quantitative analysis of extent of skin flap integration Measuring cross-sectional area at the most stenotic point of the trachea Qualitative endoscopy Tissue ingrowth Inflammation Granulation tissue formation Wound dehiscence Tracheal extrusion/migration Conclusion Need: Readily implantable, tracheal replacement performed in a single-step surgery Solution: Standardized artificial trachea unit that comprises a polyethylene helical structure for stability and a polypropylene mesh for good tissue integration Preliminary tests show that the SpiralAT allows for flexible motion without any permanent deformation or fracture References Glatz F, Neumeister M, Suchy H, Lyons S, Damikas D, Mowlavi A., A tissue-engineering technique for vascularized laryngotracheal reconstruction, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Feb;129(2):201- 6 Fujiwara T, Maeda M, Kuwae K, Nakagawa T, Nakao K., Free- prefabricated auricular composite graft: a new method for reconstruction following extended hemilaryngectomy, Br J Plast Surg. 2005 Mar;58(2):153-7 US Dept of Health and Human Services Cancer Statistics 2002 American Cancer Society 2006 Acknowledgements We’re grateful for the support of Dr. Peirong Yu, Dr. Michael Liebschner, Dr. Maria Oden, Kevin Bowen, Eugene Koay, Cain Project, and Rice University’s Dept. of Bioengineering. Biocompatibility Biocompatibility Scar tissue < 10% of total surface area Stable and Sufficient Vascularization > 90% of tissue vascularized Specific Size 3.3-3.5 cm diameter 6 cm length Functional Range of Motion Flexibility in flexion/extension (flex/ext) and lateral bending Fig. 2. Simulation of flex/ext using a tennis ball covered crosshead to distribute the force across a wide area of the sample Fig. 3. Increasing BLANK shows increasing BLANK (crosshead speed=20 mm/min, max extension=10 mm) Fig. 4. Simulation of flex/ext lateral bending using an angled wedge attached to upper crosshead used to focus compressive force on one side Fig. 5. Increasing load results in elastic deformation for flex/ext and lateral bending (crosshead speed=20 mm/min, max extension=10 mm) Fig. 1. The SpiralAT consists of 2 separate components, a polyethylene helical support structure (A) and a polypropylene mesh shell (B) Deformation (mm) Load (N) Deformation (mm) Load (N) Fig. 6. Post-operative examination of an artificial trachea in canine throat A B Could use smaller font for Acknowledgments and References. Bullets are different sizes. Add Brown Foundation Teaching Grant.

12. Revised poster...

13. SpiralAT: First Generation Artificial Trachea Theodore John, Insiya Hussain, Nicole Campuzano, and Yoon Kim Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas SpiralAT@aim.com s Mission Statement We aim to provide the first artificial trachea unit that is: Ready for immediate implantation in life-threatened patients Performed in a single-step surgical procedure Motivation for Artificial Trachea Clinical Significance of Tracheal Replacement 90% of primary tracheal cancers are malignant Of the 90,000 new cases/year of cancers in nearby throat tissues, 25-50% will develop into secondary tracheal cancer Other patients suffer from congenital defects and physical trauma Currently, there is no standardized solution Current Approaches Sub-optimal Tracheal resection: limited for secondary tumors Radiation: studies vary in conclusions of effectiveness Case-by-case artificial trachea: multi-staged surgeries, impractical for patients with urgent needs Solution: The SpiralAT Ready for immediate implantation Helical geometry provides increased stability and rigidity Porous mesh allows for enhanced tissue integration Design Objectives Mechanical Testing 3-point bending test Compression test Biocompatibility Testing Future Clinical Studies in Canines Quantitative analysis of extent of skin flap integration Measuring cross-sectional area at the most stenotic point of the trachea Qualitative endoscopy Tissue ingrowth Inflammation Granulation tissue formation Wound dehiscence Tracheal extrusion/migration Conclusion Need: Readily implantable, tracheal replacement performed in a single-step surgery Solution: Standardized artificial trachea unit that comprises a polyethylene helical structure for stability and a polypropylene mesh for good tissue integration Preliminary tests show that the SpiralAT allows for flexible motion without any permanent deformation or fracture References Glatz F, Neumeister M, Suchy H, Lyons S, Damikas D, Mowlavi A., A tissue-engineering technique for vascularized laryngotracheal reconstruction, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Feb;129(2):201- 6 Fujiwara T, Maeda M, Kuwae K, Nakagawa T, Nakao K., Free- prefabricated auricular composite graft: a new method for reconstruction following extended hemilaryngectomy, Br J Plast Surg. 2005 Mar;58(2):153-7 US Dept of Health and Human Services Cancer Statistics 2002 American Cancer Society 2006 Acknowledgements We’re grateful for the support of Dr. Peirong Yu, Dr. Michael Liebschner, Dr. Maria Oden, Kevin Bowen, Eugene Koay, Cain Project, and Rice University’s Dept. of Bioengineering. Biocompatibility Biocompatibility Scar tissue < 10% of total surface area Stable and Sufficient Vascularization > 90% of tissue vascularized Specific Size 3.3-3.5 cm diameter 6 cm length Functional Range of Motion Flexibility in flexion/extension (flex/ext) and lateral bending Fig. 2. Simulation of flex/ext using a tennis ball covered crosshead to distribute the force across a wide area of the sample Fig. 3. Increasing BLANK shows increasing BLANK (crosshead speed=20 mm/min, max extension=10 mm) Fig. 4. Simulation of flex/ext lateral bending using an angled wedge attached to upper crosshead used to focus compressive force on one side Fig. 5. Increasing load results in elastic deformation for flex/ext and lateral bending (crosshead speed=20 mm/min, max extension=10 mm) Fig. 1. The SpiralAT consists of 2 separate components, a polyethylene helical support structure (A) and a polypropylene mesh shell (B) Deformation (mm) Load (N) Deformation (mm) Load (N) Fig. 6. Post-operative examination of an artificial trachea in canine throat A B SpiralAT: First Generation Artificial Trachea Team T.I.N.Y., Rice University Theodore John, Insiya Hussain, Nicole Campuzano, and Yoon Kim SpiralAT@aim.com Mission Statement We aim to provide the first artificial trachea unit that is ready for immediate implantation through a single-step surgical procedure. Motivation for SpiralAT Clinical Significance of Tracheal Replacement 90% of primary tracheal cancers are malignant. Of the 90,000 new cases/year of cancers in nearby throat tissues, 25-50% will develop into secondary tracheal cancer. Other patients suffer from congenital defects and physical trauma. Current Approaches Sub-optimal Tracheal resection is limited because reconstruction after resection is not feasible. Radiation is not fully reliable because studies show inconsistent outcomes in effectiveness. Case-by-case artificial tracheas have been built, but require multi-staged surgeries that are impractical for patients with urgent needs. There is no standardized solution. Design Concept Design Objectives Design Components Synthetic materials allow immediate use. Helical geometry provides stability and flexibility. Exterior casing promotes tissue integration. Solution: The SpiralAT Mechanical Testing 3-point bending test Compression test Future Work Biocompatibility Studies in Canines Quantitative analysis of skin flap integration by measuring cross-sectional area at the most stenotic point. Qualitative endoscopy of tissue ingrowth and dehiscence. Conclusion Need: Readily implantable, tracheal replacement performed in a single-step surgery. Solution: Standardized artificial trachea unit that comprises a polyethylene double-helical structure for stability and a polypropylene mesh for good tissue integration. The Double Spiral DPT is the most promising. Testing: The SpiralAT allows for flexible motion without any permanent deformation or fracture. Acknowledgements We’re grateful for the support of Dr. Peirong Yu, Dr. Michael Liebschner, Dr. Maria Oden, Kevin Bowen, Eugene Koay, Cain Project, Rice University’s Department of Bioengineering, and the Brown Foundation Teaching Grant. References Glatz F, Neumeister M, Suchy H, Lyons S, Damikas D, Mowlavi A., A tissue-engineering technique for vascularized laryngotracheal reconstruction, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Feb;129(2):201-6 Fujiwara T, Maeda M, Kuwae K, Nakagawa T, Nakao K., Free-prefabricated auricular composite graft: a new method for reconstruction following extended hemilaryngectomy, Br J Plast Surg. 2005 Mar;58(2):153-7 US Dept of Health and Human Services Cancer Statistics 2002 American Cancer Society 2006Dimensions 3.3-3.5 cm diameter 6 cm length Functional Range of Motion Flexibility in flexion/extension (flex/ext) and lateral bending Biocompatibility Biocompatibility Scar tissue < 10% of total surface area Stable and Sufficient Vascularization > 90% of tissue vascularized Fig. 2. Simulation of flex/ext using a tennis ball covered crosshead to distribute the force across a wide area of the sample Fig. 3. Single Spiral Rice was the stiffest, followed by Double Spiral DPT and Single Spiral DPT. Adding an additional helix to the Single Spiral DPT increased stiffness. (crosshead speed=20 mm/min, max extension=10 mm) Fig. 4. Simulation of flex/ext lateral bending using an angled wedge attached to upper crosshead used to focus compressive force on one side Fig. 5. Increasing load resulted in elastic deformation. Double Spiral DPT was stiffer than Single Spiral DPT. (crosshead speed=20 mm/min, max extension=10 mm) Fig. 1. The three versions of the SpiralAT have different structures and are made of different materials. Each version consists of 2 components, a helical support structure and a shell. Fig. 6. Post-operative examination of an artificial trachea in canine throat Load (N) Deformation (mm) Single Spiral Rice k = 7.3 N/mm Single Spiral DPT k = 0.011 N/mm Double Spiral DPT k = 0.16 N/mm Single Spiral Rice k = 1.2 N/mm Double Spiral DPT k = 0.65 N/mm Single Spiral DPT k = 0.10 N/mm Load (N) Deformation (mm) A) Single Spiral Rice B) Single Spiral DPT C) Double Spiral DPT polypropylene mesh polyethylene polypropylene mesh polyethylene

14. SpiralAT: First Generation Artificial Trachea Theodore John, Insiya Hussain, Nicole Campuzano, and Yoon Kim Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas SpiralAT@aim.com s Mission Statement We aim to provide the first artificial trachea unit that is: Ready for immediate implantation in life-threatened patients Performed in a single-step surgical procedure Motivation for Artificial Trachea Clinical Significance of Tracheal Replacement 90% of primary tracheal cancers are malignant Of the 90,000 new cases/year of cancers in nearby throat tissues, 25-50% will develop into secondary tracheal cancer Other patients suffer from congenital defects and physical trauma Currently, there is no standardized solution Current Approaches Sub-optimal Tracheal resection: limited for secondary tumors Radiation: studies vary in conclusions of effectiveness Case-by-case artificial trachea: multi-staged surgeries, impractical for patients with urgent needs Solution: The SpiralAT Ready for immediate implantation Helical geometry provides increased stability and rigidity Porous mesh allows for enhanced tissue integration Design Objectives Mechanical Testing 3-point bending test Compression test Biocompatibility Testing Future Clinical Studies in Canines Quantitative analysis of extent of skin flap integration Measuring cross-sectional area at the most stenotic point of the trachea Qualitative endoscopy Tissue ingrowth Inflammation Granulation tissue formation Wound dehiscence Tracheal extrusion/migration Conclusion Need: Readily implantable, tracheal replacement performed in a single-step surgery Solution: Standardized artificial trachea unit that comprises a polyethylene helical structure for stability and a polypropylene mesh for good tissue integration Preliminary tests show that the SpiralAT allows for flexible motion without any permanent deformation or fracture References Glatz F, Neumeister M, Suchy H, Lyons S, Damikas D, Mowlavi A., A tissue-engineering technique for vascularized laryngotracheal reconstruction, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Feb;129(2):201- 6 Fujiwara T, Maeda M, Kuwae K, Nakagawa T, Nakao K., Free- prefabricated auricular composite graft: a new method for reconstruction following extended hemilaryngectomy, Br J Plast Surg. 2005 Mar;58(2):153-7 US Dept of Health and Human Services Cancer Statistics 2002 American Cancer Society 2006 Acknowledgements We’re grateful for the support of Dr. Peirong Yu, Dr. Michael Liebschner, Dr. Maria Oden, Kevin Bowen, Eugene Koay, Cain Project, and Rice University’s Dept. of Bioengineering. Biocompatibility Biocompatibility Scar tissue < 10% of total surface area Stable and Sufficient Vascularization > 90% of tissue vascularized Specific Size 3.3-3.5 cm diameter 6 cm length Functional Range of Motion Flexibility in flexion/extension (flex/ext) and lateral bending Fig. 2. Simulation of flex/ext using a tennis ball covered crosshead to distribute the force across a wide area of the sample Fig. 3. Increasing BLANK shows increasing BLANK (crosshead speed=20 mm/min, max extension=10 mm) Fig. 4. Simulation of flex/ext lateral bending using an angled wedge attached to upper crosshead used to focus compressive force on one side Fig. 5. Increasing load results in elastic deformation for flex/ext and lateral bending (crosshead speed=20 mm/min, max extension=10 mm) Fig. 1. The SpiralAT consists of 2 separate components, a polyethylene helical support structure (A) and a polypropylene mesh shell (B) Deformation (mm) Load (N) Deformation (mm) Load (N) Fig. 6. Post-operative examination of an artificial trachea in canine throat A B SpiralAT: First Generation Artificial Trachea Team T.I.N.Y., Rice University Theodore John, Insiya Hussain, Nicole Campuzano, and Yoon Kim SpiralAT@aim.com Mission Statement We aim to provide the first artificial trachea unit that is ready for immediate implantation through a single-step surgical procedure. Motivation for SpiralAT Clinical Significance of Tracheal Replacement 90% of primary tracheal cancers are malignant. Of the 90,000 new cases/year of cancers in nearby throat tissues, 25-50% will develop into secondary tracheal cancer. Other patients suffer from congenital defects and physical trauma. Current Approaches Sub-optimal Tracheal resection is limited because reconstruction after resection is not feasible. Radiation is not fully reliable because studies show inconsistent outcomes in effectiveness. Case-by-case artificial tracheas have been built, but require multi-staged surgeries that are impractical for patients with urgent needs. There is no standardized solution. Design Concept Design Objectives Design Components Synthetic materials allow immediate use. Helical geometry provides stability and flexibility. Exterior casing promotes tissue integration. Solution: The SpiralAT Mechanical Testing 3-point bending test Compression test Future Work Biocompatibility Studies in Canines Quantitative analysis of skin flap integration by measuring cross-sectional area at the most stenotic point. Qualitative endoscopy of tissue ingrowth and dehiscence. Conclusion Need: Readily implantable, tracheal replacement performed in a single-step surgery. Solution: Standardized artificial trachea unit that comprises a polyethylene double-helical structure for stability and a polypropylene mesh for good tissue integration. The Double Spiral DPT is the most promising. Testing: The SpiralAT allows for flexible motion without any permanent deformation or fracture. Acknowledgements We’re grateful for the support of Dr. Peirong Yu, Dr. Michael Liebschner, Dr. Maria Oden, Kevin Bowen, Eugene Koay, Cain Project, Rice University’s Department of Bioengineering, and the Brown Foundation Teaching Grant. References Glatz F, Neumeister M, Suchy H, Lyons S, Damikas D, Mowlavi A., A tissue-engineering technique for vascularized laryngotracheal reconstruction, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Feb;129(2):201-6 Fujiwara T, Maeda M, Kuwae K, Nakagawa T, Nakao K., Free-prefabricated auricular composite graft: a new method for reconstruction following extended hemilaryngectomy, Br J Plast Surg. 2005 Mar;58(2):153-7 US Dept of Health and Human Services Cancer Statistics 2002 American Cancer Society 2006Dimensions 3.3-3.5 cm diameter 6 cm length Functional Range of Motion Flexibility in flexion/extension (flex/ext) and lateral bending Biocompatibility Biocompatibility Scar tissue < 10% of total surface area Stable and Sufficient Vascularization > 90% of tissue vascularized Fig. 2. Simulation of flex/ext using a tennis ball covered crosshead to distribute the force across a wide area of the sample Fig. 3. Single Spiral Rice was the stiffest, followed by Double Spiral DPT and Single Spiral DPT. Adding an additional helix to the Single Spiral DPT increased stiffness. (crosshead speed=20 mm/min, max extension=10 mm) Fig. 4. Simulation of flex/ext lateral bending using an angled wedge attached to upper crosshead used to focus compressive force on one side Fig. 5. Increasing load resulted in elastic deformation. Double Spiral DPT was stiffer than Single Spiral DPT. (crosshead speed=20 mm/min, max extension=10 mm) Fig. 1. The three versions of the SpiralAT have different structures and are made of different materials. Each version consists of 2 components, a helical support structure and a shell. Fig. 6. Post-operative examination of an artificial trachea in canine throat Load (N) Deformation (mm) Single Spiral Rice k = 7.3 N/mm Single Spiral DPT k = 0.011 N/mm Double Spiral DPT k = 0.16 N/mm Single Spiral Rice k = 1.2 N/mm Double Spiral DPT k = 0.65 N/mm Single Spiral DPT k = 0.10 N/mm Load (N) Deformation (mm) A) Single Spiral Rice B) Single Spiral DPT C) Double Spiral DPT polypropylene mesh polyethylene polypropylene mesh polyethylene Nice job formulating a mission statement from the original text bullets. Bold text treatment works well. Definition of the problem and affected population is effective. Using red text calls attention to need for standardization, which is one of your primary design goals. Switching the order of the sections devoted to Design Concept and Solution provides a more logical sequence. Great juxtaposition of the images and graphs in Mechanical Testing. However, presenting the results as captions under the graphs diminishes their prominence and makes it harder to determine whether your design achieved what you set out to do.