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Anatomical Structures/ Injuries
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Skin Bodies defense for dirt, bacteria, and germs. Epidermis- Outer most layer of skin Dermis- Thicker layer below the epidermis
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Bones Functions 1. Protect vital organs 2. Acted on by muscles to produce movement.
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Joints Hinge joints- elbow and knee, they move back and forth. Ball and socket joints- one end of the joint is in the shape of a ball, and the other end of the joint is a cuplike shape.
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Cartilage Function- absorb shock, allow smooth bone movement, and join structures.
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Muscles Function- contractions allow for acceleration and deceleration of body. Help maintain normal posture.
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Tendons Connect muscle to bone
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Ligaments Connect bone to bone
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Brusa Small, fluid filled sacs, located in joints. Provide extra cushion for the structures located in the joint.
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Injuries Soft-Tissue Bones
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Soft-Tissue Sprain Strain Incision Abrasion Contusion Laceration Avulsion Puncture Contrecoup
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Sprain Injuries to ligaments
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Strain Injuries to muscles or tendons
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Degrees of injury for sprains and strains 1 st degree (mild)- some stretching, little pain, little swelling, no loss of motion.
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Degrees of injury for sprains and strains 2 nd degree (moderate)- more stretching, some tearing, pain, swelling, and some loss of motion.
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Degrees of injury for sprains and strains 3 rd degree (severe)- complete tear, severe pain, good deal of swelling, loss of motion.
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Incision An open wound made by a cutting object.
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Laceration A jagged, irregular cut caused by a non- cutting object.
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Abrasion Results from scrapping off a layer of skin.
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Contusion Commonly called a bruise. Caused by a direct blow. Usually seen by swelling and discoloration.
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Avulsion The partial tearing away of a body part.
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Puncture Occurs when a pointed object enters a body part.
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Stages of Soft-Tissue Healing Stage I-Acute Inflammatory
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Stages of Soft-Tissue Healing Stage II-Repair
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Stages of Soft-Tissue Healing Stage III-Remodeling
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Bone Injuries Dislocations Subluxations Fractures
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Dislocations When a force displaces the bones that make up a joint, so they no longer are aligned.
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Subluxations A partial dislocation, or one that does not remain unaligned.
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Fractures Avulsion Stress Spiral Longitudinal Compression Oblique Comminuted Greenstick Transverse Depressed Blowout Pathological Epiphyseal
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Avulsion When a ligament or tendon pulls so hard that the attachment point pulls part of the bone away.
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Stress Occurs when there is repetitive pounding / motion.
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Spiral When a torque like force is applied to a bone, and the fracture starts at one end and works its way around the length of the bone.
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Longitudinal A fracture that runs the length of a bone.
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Compression Occurs when opposite forces are applied to a bone at the same time.
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Comminuted When a bone is crushed into small pieces.
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Greenstick Occurs to bones that are not fully developed, and they only break part way through.
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Transverse When a fracture occurs straight across a bone.
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Depressed Usually occurs from a direct blow to the skull.
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Blowout When the eye is pushed so hard into the back of the eye socket.
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Blowout fracture
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Epiphyseal When a fracture occurs in the epiphysis (growth plate) of the bone.
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Compound fracture Any fracture where the bone protrudes through the skin.
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Compound fracture
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Signs and Symptoms Pain Deformity Decrease or loss of motion Swelling Crepitis
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Fracture Healing Process Stage I-Acute Stage II-Repair Stage III-Remodeling
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