2. The American Revolution, 1775-1783

3. The Combatants

4. British Advantages –Army of Regulars –Top Navy –30,000 Hessians –50,000 American loyalists –Money and supplies

5. American Advantages –3,000 miles of ocean –Home Turf –Fighting for independence –Leadership –Possible French assistance

6. First Continental Congress Convened in Phil. in ‘74 –Statement of grievances to King –Preparations for fighting –Boycott –Agreed to meet again in ‘75

7. The Fighting Begins Lexington and Concord ‘75 –“The shot heard round the world” –Unclear start to a revolution –Approves “Olive Branch Petition”

8. The Shot Heard Round the World

9. Common Sense Published Jan.’76 Sold 100,000 copies in first four months Called for complete split from Britain and its constitution Thomas Paine

10. Declaration of Independence Written by Jefferson Formal break with the crown

11. When in the Course of Human Events…

13. Reactions to July 4…

14. Conducting the War: States v. Central government Despite individual states vying for power, Congress given power to coordinate the war but –State militias –States volunteering money

15. Phase I: New England ’75-’76 Bunker Hill: British driven from Mass England ‘wins’ but loses ½ its men British realize the scope of the revolution

16. Phase II: The Mid-Atlantic ’76-’78 Trenton NJ:Washington attacks during winter with limited success Battle of Saratoga: –Turning point –French have the confidence to support the Patriots with supplies

17. New York City in Flames

18. Washington Crossing the Delaware

19. Phase III:The South Diplomatic recognition followed in ’78 Britain’s European wars expand French Navy arrives

20. Phase III: The South (cont.) Britain hoped to rely on Loyalists in the south for support Military commitment by Britain decreases Yorktown marks last major battle –Cornwallis cornered between land and sea –French-American army surround British

21. “The World Turn’d Upside Down”

22. War and Economy Trade with Britain cut off No protection at sea Diversified by the 1780s –New trading partners –Formation of navy –Some industry forms

23. Imports/Exports

24. Treaty of Paris of 1783 US bordered by Mississippi, Canada, Atlantic, and Florida Diplomatic recog. by British British promise to evacuate Ohio Valley US promises to pay debts

25. War and Society Loyalists harassed –Left behind property and estates –Many moved to Canada or Britain Native-Americans generally opposed the Rev. Mixed bag for African-Americans

26. Toleration and Slavery Where it was not used, usually abolished SC and GA refused to halt slave trade Sep. of Church and State (Statute of Relig. Freedom by Thomas Jefferson of VA)

27. Washington Resigns from the Army

28. State Constitutions Guiding principle: Do the opposite of Britain Republicanism CN & RI simply changed their colonial charters Limited executive branch Most had bicameral legislatures Property req. for voting

29. Articles of Confederation (’81-’89 Fed. Gov’t consisted of a unicameral Congress (9 out of 13 votes to pass a law) 13 out of 13 to amend Rep. frequently absent Could not tax or raise armies Northwest Ordinance a success Shays’ Rebellion shows weaknesses