1. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Lesson B Building Basics

2. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Courtesy of Craig Allyn Rose

3. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Basic Building Principles Buildings: –Designed to resist forces Gravity, wind, earthquakes, etc. –Utilize a variety of materials and styles –Change, as do fire and building codes –Constructed according to current code –Often not in compliance with current codes

4. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Courtesy of Craig Allyn Rose

5. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for The Superstructure Superstructure –Distributes or carries the load Vertical extension above the foundation Vertical load-carrying systems –Frames, bearing walls, and combinations of both Horizontal load-carrying elements –Normally parts of floors and roofs Either wall bearing or frame bearing

6. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Figure S-16 Superstructure. Figure B-6 Bearing Wall.

7. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Figure R-9 Roof.

8. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Load Paths Transmit vertical load systems to ground –Allow buildings to remain upright Utilize a “top-down” approach Loads impose forces within a structural member Loads and forces produce stresses

9. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Figure L-8 Load Path. Figure B-3 Beams.

10. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Load Paths (cont’d.) Stresses in materials and structural elements –Tension, compression, shear, and bending Load paths –May be altered by a variety of forces Improper or overstressed load paths –Created by both nature and firefighters Moving building parts –Indicate load path shifts and potential failure Always consider load paths at all structure fires

11. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Figure S-10 Stress.

12. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Connections Structural elements are joined at connections Most common structural elements: –Columns, beams, slabs, bearing walls, and trusses Other structural elements: domes, arches, shells, cables, and membranes Connections can fail when overloaded

13. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Classification of Loads According to how loads are imposed –Live, dead, static, dynamic, impact, concentrated, etc. According to where loads are imposed –Axial (through the center) –Eccentric (off center) –Torsional (twisting)

14. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Specific Hazards Created by Buildings Building’s contents, structural elements, and nonstructural elements can burn Fire load –Includes contents, combustible structural elements, and building materials Fire –Obeys laws of chemistry and physics –Will travel in vertical and horizontal concealed spaces

15. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Courtesy of Craig Allyn Rose

16. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Specific Hazards Created by Buildings (cont’d.) Nonstructural elements: –Finishes, ceilings, HVAC systems, and interior arrangements Voids conceal building components Combustible concealed spaces –Cause of many large-loss fires Penetrations in compartmentalized attics: –Allow heat, smoke, and fire to spread

17. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Figure H-1 HVAC System. Figure V-1 Void.

18. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Figure P-5 Penetration. a b

19. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Features of Hazardous Buildings Unreinforced masonry walls Parapet walls Facades, overhangs, and marquees Voids and concealed spaces Unprotected steel and steel bar joists

20. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Figure U-2 Unreinforced Masonry (URM). Figure P-4 Parapet.

21. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Figure F-1 Façade.

22. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Features of Hazardous Buildings (cont’d.) Unprotected floor and roof support systems Large buildings without sprinkler systems Long-span floor and roof support systems Window and door locations that: –Restrict entry or egress –Allow for fire, heat, and smoke extension Combustible, non–fire stopped load-bearing elements

23. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Courtesy of Craig Allyn Rose

24. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Hazardous Conditions in Buildings Poor condition due to lack of maintenance Deficiencies in construction Damage or deterioration to the superstructure Distorted structural members (sagging, bowing, leaning) Out-of-plumb columns and walls

25. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Hazardous Conditions in Buildings (cont’d.) Out-of-level floor support systems Movement of stationary building components Rapid changes in: –Heat, smoke, or fire conditions during fire-ground operations

26. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Summary Buildings, and fire and building codes change Superstructure –Distributes or carries load Load paths –Allows buildings to remain upright Improper or overstressed load paths –May be created by both nature and firefighters Load paths run through connections –Can fail when overloaded