1. The Age of Jackson:
Honors US History
Unit 4

2. Champion of the “Common Man”?
Essential Question:
Champion of the “Common Man”?
“King” Andrew? OR

3. Jackson’s First Hermitage Residence

4. First Known Painting of Jackson, 1815

5. Ol’ Hickory During the Seminole Wars
Had become hero to many “common men”
Many were drawn to Jackson after his win in the Battle of New Orleans and in the “Indian Wars

6. Jackson's First Run
for Office-
1824

7. What Increased Voting Patterns?
White male suffrage increased
Land requirement deleted
Popular campaigning
Parades, rallies, floats, etc…
Political promises
Patronage…AKA the “spoils system”
A return to the two-party system in 1828
National Republicans
Jacksonian Democrats

8. Changes in Voting Requirements

9. Evolution of Parties Democratic Republicans  National Republicans
Whigs (1832) 
Republicans (1854)

10. Voter Turnout:

11. Voter Turnout:

12. William H. Crawford [GA]
Jackson’s Opponents in 1824
Henry Clay [KY]
John Quincy Adams [MA]
John C. Calhoun [SC]
William H. Crawford [GA]

13. Jackson Campaign Poster in 1824

14. Results of the 1824 Election

15. No Clear Winner in 1824 Jackson won the most popular votes.
But he did not receive a majority of the electoral votes.
According to the Constitution, if no person wins a majority of electoral votes, then the House of Representatives must choose the president.
The selection was made from the top 3 vote getters.

16. “A Corrupt Bargain”??
John Quincy Adams won after the election was thrown into Congress.
Jackson’s supporters claimed that Adams gained the presidency by making a deal with Henry Clay (who became Secretary of State).
Charges of a “corrupt bargain” followed Adams through his term.
Adams had many plans for the country but they were always defeated by Congress (who was led by Jackson supporters).

17. Jackson's Second Run
for Office-
1828
Jackson's Second Run
for Office-
1828

18. Scandals Rock DC and the Election
Rachel Jackson
Final Divorce Decree

19. Jackson in Mourning for His Wife

20. President John Quincy Adams
Jackson’s Opponent in 1828
President John Quincy Adams

21. The New “Jackson Coalition”
The Planter Elite in the South
People on the Frontier
State Politicians
Immigrants in the cities.

22. Jackson’s Faith in the “Common Man”
Intense distrust of Eastern “establishment,” monopolies, & special privilege.
His heart & soul was with the “plain folk.”
Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon achievements.

23. The Center of Population in the Country Moves WEST

24. 1828 Election Results

25. The Reign of “King Mob”

26. The Spoils System
After election, Jackson immediately removes 10% of all officeholders and appoints his friends and supporters
Known as “The Spoils System” or patronage
This system continued until the passage of the Pendleton Act in the 1870’s

27. Andrew Jackson as President

28. The “Peggy Eaton Affair”
Peggy Eaton was the daughter of a tavern keeper and the wife of Jackson's secretary of war.
Both Andrew and Rachel Jackson had liked Peggy Eaton, and when her private love affairs became public knowledge, enveloping her in scandal, the President lent her his visible support.
It was not enough to save her social standing.

29. Don’t Mess with Jackson’s Friends
Although she was a cabinet member's wife and entitled to the civility such a position conveyed, the wives of other cabinet officials and much of Washington society -- including Jackson's own hostess -- refused to accept her.
Jackson was furious.
He demanded that his cabinet members make their wives accept Peggy Eaton.
When this proved unsuccessful, he asked for the resignations of all his cabinet members except one.

30. The “Peggy Eaton Affair”

31. An Economic Downturn
By the beginning of 1820’s the American economy was faced with downward spiral as a result of several events such as the Panic of 1819 and the failure of the Second Bank of the United States
The Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were passed in order to promote stimulation of northern states’ economy

32. 1828 Tariff Conflict
However the southern states could buy manufactured goods cheaper from foreign countries than northern states.
Had trading partners in Europe who sold them finished products
Europe also bought cotton from the southern states
The South called the tariffs the “Abomination Tariffs” and plotted revenge

33. Jackson's Second Term

34. 1832 Election Results
Main
Issue

35. An 1832 Cartoon:
“King Andrew”

36. 1832 Tariff- More Conflict
In 1832 a new tariff was passed increasing the rates from the Tariff of 1828.
Immediately after Jackson signed the bill, Calhoun resigned from his Vice-President post and left for South Carolina

37. Sen. Daniel Webster [MA]
Sen. Robert Hayne [SC]
The Debate
over Tariffs
Sen. Daniel Webster [MA]
VP John C. Calhoun
[SC]

38. The Nullification Proclamation
Led by former Vice President John C. Calhoun, the south nullified the Tariffs
The Southern states claimed that sovereign states made up the federal government, and those states have the last word to declare tariffs null and void.
The Nullification Proclamation declared that the Tariff Acts…
"are unauthorized by the constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State."

39. Jackson Responds
Jackson, although an advocate for the common man, knew that such blatant disregard of authority would tear the Union apart if allowed to continue.
He would not back down before S. Carolina.
On December 10, 1832, President Andrew Jackson issued a proclamation that disputed a states' right to nullify a federal law.
The confrontation never took place because Henry Clay intervened with a compromise tariff, which promised to reduce the rates for the next few years

40. Jackson's
Native-American
Policy

41. The Cherokee Nation After 1820

42. Indian Removal
A gold rush in Northern Georgia brought in white settlers anxious for land and riches
Centered around Dahlonega
Jackson’s Goal
Removing Native Americans from the Eastern United States
Indian Removal Act
This included Cherokees, Choctaws, and Chickasaws

43. The Cherokees go to Court
Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831) Marshall Court ruled that the Cherokees were a “domestic dependent nation”
Worcester v. GA (1832)
The Marshall Court ruled that Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments
Jackson to Marshall: “John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!”
Created a constitutional crisis

44. The Trail of Tears
Bluntly disregarding the Court’s decision Jackson passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 and over the winter twelve thousand Cherokees were marched from Georgia to Oklahoma.
On the way more than half died from hunger, hypothermia and disease.

45. Indian Removal

46. Trail of Tears ( )

47. Jackson and the
National Bank

48. The Bank War
The National Bank maintained US currency and maintained much of the economic wealth of the United States.
Jackson felt the Bank was a “privileged institution” that served only the interests of the wealthy and did nothing for the common man… “too much power, too few hands.”

49. Nicholas Biddle
The Bank served as the repository for Federal funds until 1836, when its charter expired.
It thrived from the tax revenue that the federal government regularly deposited
President Jackson refused to recharter it after a dispute with the Bank's president, Nicholas Biddle
Biddle, desperate to save his bank, called in (demanded payment on) all of his loans and closed the bank to new loans.

50. The Bank War
Jackson vetoed the bank’s charter and asked the Secretary of the Treasury to stop putting government money in the bank.
When he refused, Jackson fired him and selected someone who would put money in state Banks
AKA…Jackson’s “Pet banks”

51. The National Bank Debate
President Jackson
Nicholas Biddle

53. Explanation A satire on Andrew Jackson's campaign to destroy
the Bank of the United States and its support among state
banks.
Jackson, Martin Van Buren, and Jack Downing
struggle against a snake with heads representing the states.
The largest of the heads is president of the Bank Nicholas Biddle's, which wears a top hat labeled "Penn" (i.e. Pennsylvania) and "{dollar}35,000,000."
This refers to the rechartering of the Bank by the Pennsylvania legislature in defiance of the adminstration's efforts to destroy it.
Jackson (on the left) raises a cane marked "Veto" and says, "Biddle thou Monster Avaunt!! avaount I say! or by the Great Eternal I'll cleave thee to the earth, aye thee and thy four and twenty satellites. Matty if thou art true...come on. if thou art false, may the venomous monster turn his dire fang upon thee..."
Van Buren: "Well done General, Major Jack Downing, Adams, Clay, well done all. I dislike dissentions beyond every thing, for it often compels a man to play a double part, were it only for his own safety. Policy, policy is my motto, but intrigues I cannot countenance."
Downing (dropping his axe): "Now now you nasty varmint, be you imperishable? I swan Gineral that are beats all I reckon, that's the horrible wiper wot wommits wenemous heads I guess..."

54. The Downfall of “Mother Bank”

55. Results of the Bank War
Jackson ignored “Checks and Balances” and created Constitutional problems
Should one branch be able to refuse to be controlled by another branch??
New political party (“Whigs”) created to oppose Jackson
Economic problems
Nation goes into a Panic and then a Depression

56. The Specie Circular (1936)
July 1836, President Andrew Jackson issued the Specie Circular.
Under this act, the government would only accept gold or silver in payment for federal land
This resulted in “wildcat banks” with little or no reserves
Not stable
The principal reason for Jackson's implementation of the Specie Circular was high inflation.
Did not help with the problem

57. Results of the Specie Circular
Banknotes loose their value.
Land sales plummeted.
Credit not available.
Businesses began to fail.
Unemployment rose.
The Panic of 1837!

58. Jackson Decides
Not to Run Again
1836

59. 1836 Election
The 1836 election was a contest between the Democrats--as Jackson's followers were now called--and the Whigs, who opposed the former president's policies.
VP Martin Van Buren, the Democratic candidate, gained an overwhelming victory over his main Whig opponent, General William Henry Harrison.
Van Buren received 170 electoral votes to Harrison's 73.
He won nearly 58 percent of the popular vote, compared to about 25 percent for Harrison.
Three other Whig candidates split the remaining votes.
Richard M. Johnson, a congressman from Kentucky, became Van Buren's vice president.

60. The 1836 Election Results
Martin Van Buren
“Old Kinderhook” [O. K.]

61. The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!

62. Andrew Jackson in Retirement

63. Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844 (one year before his death)

64. Thanks Again to: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY