1. Endocrine System Alterations

2. Homeostatic Controls

3. Endocrine Glands & Hormones

4. Endocrine Problem Overview Hypothalamic Regulation Hyper- / Hypo- secretion of hormones Antibodies against hormone Receptor changes or blockage Signal Transduction problems

5. Cell Signaling

6. Signal Transduction Overview

7. Receptor Location Summary

8. Cellular Actions Synthesis Contraction and Relaxation of muscles Secretion Cell permeability changes DNA transcription Phosphorylate to activate enzymes Protein synthesis

9. Feed Back Loops Ultra Short Short Long

10. Fate of Hormones Deactivated Secreted

11. Hypothalamus

12. Hypothalamic Nuclei Supraoptic Preoptic Paraventricular Ventromedial Dorsomedial Mammillary Arcuate (Infundibular)

13. Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland

14. Direct Neural Regulation of PP Store Release

15. Hypophyseal Portal System

16. Hypothalamic Control over AP

17. Hypothalamic Control for AP H-HormoneAP - HTargetEffects GHRH; IHGHM/Sk; cells Growth and repair GnRHFSHGonadsGamete GnRHLHGonadsHormone TRHTSHThyroidT3; T4 CRHACTHAdrenal CCorticocoids PRH PIH PRLMammary Gland Milk production ? MRHMSHMelanocytemelanin

18. Pituitary Anatomy

19. Pituitary Hormones

20. Posterior Pituitary: ADH problems DI  Decrease ADH  Central Diabetes ISADH  Increase ADH  Tumor

21. Panhypopituitarism

22. Pituitary Adenoma

23. Pituitary Tumor View and Surgery

24. Pineal Gland Location

25. Brain Sand in Pineal Gland Brain Sand: Calcium, Magnesium, Silicon

26. Melatonin Synthesis

27. Melatonin Stimulus

28. Melatonin Function

29. OTC Hormones

30. Hormone Integration

31. Pineal Gland Tumor

32. GH: Hypersecretion

33. Dwarfism Three Types

34. Achondrodysplasia Autosomal dominant (primarily from older men > 35 years old) Two copies are fatal Gene 3 Fibroblast Growth Factor point mutation Abnormal Cartilage production Short Bones Skeletal radiograph to confirm

35. MOPD: Primordial Dwarfism Microcephalic Osteodysplasia Fetal Development Maximum: 3 ft tall Proportional dwarf Brain Aneurysms occur

36. Thyroid and Parathyroid

37. Thyroid Gross Anatomy

38. Thyroid Hormone Control and Problems Thyrotoxicosis Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Graves Disease Autoimmune Tumors  Carcinoma  Adenoma

39. Thyroid Scans

40. Thyroid Histology

41. Thyroid Hormone Formation

42. Thyroid Hormone Regulation

43. Thyroid Hormone Target / Action

44. Thyroid Problems

45. Hypothyroidism

46. Iodine Deficiency

47. Cretinism

48. Myxedema

49. Secondary Hypothyroidism

50. Goiter

51. Testing for Hypothyroidism

52. Graves Disease

53. Auto AB: Graves Disease

54. Hashimoto’s Disease

55. Hashimoto’s Thyroditis

56. Graves vs. Hasimoto

57. Thyroid Hyperplasia

58. Thyroid Cancers

59. Thyroid “C” Cells

60. C cell carcinoma Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

61. Thyroid Tumors

62. Thyroid Follicular Adenoma

63. Thyroid Follicular Carcinoma

64. Thyroid Nodule Flow Chart

66. Parathyroid Location

67. Parathyroid Gross Anatomy

68. Thyroid - Parathyroid

69. Parathyroid Histology

70. Calcium Regulation

71. Primary and Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

72. Hyperparathyroidism effects

73. Parathyroid Hyperplasia

74. Parathyroid Adenoma

75. Parathyroidectomy

76. Adrenal gland Location

77. Adrenal Gland Gross Anatomy

78. Adrenal Gland Specimens

79. Adrenal Gland Histology

80. Adrenal Gland Divisions (Histo)

81. Adrenal Hormones

82. Zona Glomerulosa

83. Hypoadrenocorticism

84. Addison’s Disease

86. Zona Fasiculata; Zona Reticularis

87. Cushings

88. Adrenal Gland Atrophy

89. Sympathetic NS: Adrenal Medulla

90. Adrenal Medulla

91. Pheochromocytoma

92. Adrenal Adenoma

93. Other Adrenal Tumors carcinoma paraganglioma

94. ALD Decreased cholesterol conversion to steroids Myelin Degeneration Treatment: Lorenzo’s Oil

95. Pancreas Gross Anatomy

96. Pancreas Histology: Islets

97. DM

98. Blood Sugar

99. DM: Type 1

101. DM: Type 2

102. DM Sequella

103. Gestational Diabetes

104. DM sequella

105. Diabetic Ketoacidosis

106. Uncontrolled DM

107. Insulinoma

108. Acinar Pancreas

109. Pancreatic Tumors

110. Treatment

111. Questions?