1. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology SIXTH EDITION Frederic H. Martini PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii Chapter 6, part 1 Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Learning Objectives Describe the functions of the skeletal system. Classify bones and identify the major markings. Identify cell types in bone and list their functions. Compare spongy and compact bone. Compare intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Discuss the effects of nutrition, hormones, exercise and aging on the bones. Describe the types of fractures.

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 5-1 The Skeletal System: An Introduction

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the skeleton Cartilages, ligaments and other connective tissues that stabilize and connect The skeletal system includes

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functions of the skeletal system Support Storage of minerals and lipids Blood cell production Protection Leverage

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 6-2 A Classification of Bones

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Long Flat Short Irregular Sesamoid Sutural Bone shapes

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.1 Figure 6.1 Classification of Bones by Shape

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Compact bone (dense) Spongy bone (cancellous) Bone structure = two types of bone

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Diaphysis Epiphyses Metaphysis Articular cartilage Marrow cavity Filled with red or yellow marrow A typical long bone includes

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.2 Figure 6.2 Bone Structure

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 6-3 Bone Histology

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Supporting tissue with a solid matrix Crystals of hydroxyapatite Minerals deposited in lamellae Covered by periosteum Osseous tissue

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Osteocytes = mature bone cells In lacunae Connected by canaliculi Osteoblasts synthesize new matrix Osteogenesis Osteoclasts dissolve bone matrix Osteolysis Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts Cells in bone:

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.3a Figure 6.3 The Histology of Compact Bone

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.3b, c Figure 6.3 The Histology of Compact Bone

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Basic unit of compact bone is an osteon Osteocytes arranged around a central canal Perforating canals extend between adjacent osteons Spongy bone contains trabeculae Compact bone and spongy bone

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.4 Figure 6.4 The Structure of Osseus Tissue

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Compact bone located where stresses are limited in direction Spongy bone located where stresses are weaker or multi-directional Bones and stress

20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.5 Figure 6.5 The Distribution of Forces on a Long Bone

21. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Covered by periosteum Lined by endosteum Bones are: Animation: Axial Dissections PLAY

22. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ossification = converting other tissue to bone Calcification = depositing calcium salts within tissues Bone development and growth