1. Intracranial Contents
Intracranial Contents
Audrone R. Biknevicius, Ph.D.
Dept. Biomedical Sciences
Ohio University-
College of Osteopathic Medicine

2. Postcranial Skeleton Periosteum Cortical bone Cancellous bone
Periosteum
Cortical bone
Cancellous bone
Cortical bone
Osteosacroma of femur in 10 yo male
funmedpics/pathtes2.htm
Endosteum

3. www.boston.com/news/daily/ 02/carpenter.htm
What is the equivalent “interior” of the skull?
New England Journal of Medicine
02/carpenter.htm

4. Skull xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx x x x x x outer lamina (table) diploe
Skull xx xx xx xx
outer lamina (table) xx xx xx xx
diploe x x x x
inner lamina (table) x

5. General Connective Tissue
General Connective Tissue xx xx xx xx
periosteum xx xx xx xx
endosteum x x x x
periosteum x

6. Cranial Connective Tissue
Cranial
Connective Tissue xx xx xx xx
epicranium xx xx xx xx
endosteum x x x x
endocranium x

7. Periosteum Vertebral column Cranium Firmly attached Pericranium
Periosteum
Vertebral column Cranium
Firmly attached Pericranium
to vertebrae - firmly attached to outer
lamina
Endocranium
- loosely attached to inner
- continuous with pericranium at sutures

8. Spinal Meninges
Pia mater
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater

9. Meninges
Cranial
Brain
Spinal
cord
Spinal

10. Cranial Meninges
Coronal section through superior sagittal sinus

11. Meninges Spinal meninges Cranial meninges
Meninges
Spinal meninges Cranial meninges
Dura* - single-layer - periosteal layer
(=endosteal layer)
- meningeal layer
Arachnoid - trabeculae trabeculae
Pia - attached to spinal cord - attached to brain
- denticulate ligaments
- filum terminale
*Note: only dura is pain-sensitive; somatic sensory innervation primarily via trigeminal n.

12. Meningeal Spaces Superficial Vertebral column Skull
Meningeal Spaces
Superficial
Vertebral column Skull
Periosteum “Epidural space”
Epidural space Dura-periosteal layer
Dura Dura-meningeal layer
Subdural space
Arachnoid Arachnoid
Subarachnoid space
Pia Pia
Spinal cord Brain
Deep

13. Dural Folds

14. Dural Folds Tentorial incisure Falx cerebri Tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebri
Tentorial incisure
Tentorium cerebelli
ProcedureDetails.cfm?BR=4&Proc=19

15. Dural Folds
Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebelli

16. Falx cerebri Tentorium cerebelli Tentorial incisure
Falx cerebri
Cerebral
hemispheres
Tentorium
cerebelli
Tentorial
incisure
Cerebellum
Coronal section

17. Dural Venous Sinuses

18. (periosteal layer) (meningeal layer)
(periosteal layer)
(meningeal layer)
Coronal section through falx cerebri & hypophyseal fossa
Stern Essentials of Gross Anatomy

19. Dural Venous Sinsuses Superior sagittal sinus Inferior sagittal sinus
Superior sagittal sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus
Cavernous sinus
Superior & inferior petrosal sinus
Straight sinus
Sigmoid sinus
Confluence of sinuses
Occipital sinus
Transverse sinus
Internal jugular v.

20. Cavernous Sinus Adjacent to sella turcica (sphenoid bone)
Cavernous Sinus
Adjacent to sella turcica (sphenoid bone)
Envelops: internal carotid a.; oculomotor, trochlear, ophthalmic & maxillary nn.
Internal drainage: superior & inferior petrosal sinuses
External drainage (connection with facial v.): pterygoid plexus & inferior ophthalmic v.
(meningeal layer)
Stern Essentials of Gross Anatomy

21. Netter Atlas of Human Anatomy
Cerebral Veins
Netter Atlas of Human Anatomy

22. Netter Atlas of Human Anatomy
Subdural (Dural Border) Hematoma
Netter Atlas of Human Anatomy
Commonly due to rupture of cerebral vein
Accumulation of venous blood between meningeal layer of dura & arachnoid

23. Netter Atlas of Human Anatomy
Meningeal Arteries
Netter Atlas of Human Anatomy

24. Pterion Sutural intersection formed by: Frontal Parietal
Sutural intersection formed by:
Frontal
Parietal
Squamous temporal
Greater wing of sphenoid
Overlies anterior brs. of middle meningeal a.
anatome.ncl.ac.uk/tutorials/ skulleasy/text/page3.html

25. Epidural (Extradural) Hematoma
dura
Accumulation of arterial blood between periosteal layer of dura & calvarium
Most commonly due to rupture of middle meningeal a.

26. Leonardo Da Vinci The Anatomy of Man
Ventricular
System
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF):
Clear, odorless fluid
Resembles plasma but
low protein (<50mg/dL),
low cell content (<5/mL)
Leonardo Da Vinci The Anatomy of Man

27. Ventricles & Choroid Plexus

28. Netter Atlas of Human Anatomy
Intraventicular Flow of CSF:
Lateral ventricles
Interventricular foramen
(of Monro)
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
(of Sylvius)
Fourth ventricle
Total CSF volume in ventricles: ~25 ml

29. (cerebellomedullary cistern)
CSF exits ventricular system (4th ventricle) via:
Median aperature (foramen of Magendie)
Lateral aperatures (foramina of Luschka)
Cisterna magna
(cerebellomedullary cistern)
Pontine cistern
Total CSF volume in subarachnoid space:
~100 ml
Netter Atlas of Human Anatomy

30. CSF resorption into venous system via arachnoid villi
CSF resorption into venous system via arachnoid villi
Netter Atlas of Human Anatomy

31. superior sagittal sinus
superior sagittal sinus
lacuna lateralis with arachnoid granulations
middle meningeal a.
Ch2Text/Section02.html
Arachnoid granulations = macroscopic collections of arachnoid villi

32. Netter Atlas of Human Anatomy
NORMAL CONDITION
CSF production=resorption
Normal CSF pressure (at lumbar cistern; recumbent patient)
< 200 mmH2O -or-
About 9 mmHg ((higher than normal venous pressure)

33. Non-Communicating Hydrocephalus
Causes: congenital, neoplasm, inflammation, hemorrhage
Aqueductal stenosis
CSF obstruction at cerebral aqueduct
Lateral and 3rd ventricles dilates

34. Animated Ventricular Anatomy
Animated Ventricular Anatomy

35. Arterial supply to CNS
SPPA362/362unit11.html
imagepage/18009.htm

36. SKULL CHECKOUT - 5pm (G139)
GROSS ANATOMY LAB - Monday afternoon
Slide overview first 10 minutes 1:10 & 3:10)
Come prepared to dissect (dissecting tools, including new scalpel blades, & gloves)
No sandals or other open-toe shoes
Bring your skull to lab

37. Audrone R. Biknevicius, Ph.D. Dept. Biomedical Sciences
Audrone R. Biknevicius, Ph.D.
Dept. Biomedical Sciences
Life Science Building 125
Drop by or office hours by app’t

38. Vertebral Artery Spinal brs.: posterior & anterior spinal aa.
Vertebral Artery
Spinal brs.: posterior & anterior spinal aa.
Cranial brs.:
Posterior inferior cerebellar aa.
Basilar a.

39. Basilar Artery Cerebellar brs.: 1) Anterior inferior cerebellar a.
Basilar Artery
Cerebellar brs.:
1) Anterior inferior cerebellar a.
2) Superior cerebellar a.
3) Labyrinthine a.
Cerebral brs.: Posterior cerebral a.

40. Internal Carotid Artery
Internal Carotid Artery
Ophthalmic a.
Posterior communicating a.
Middle cerebral a.
Anterior cerebral a.

41. Cerebral Arterial Circle (of Willis)

42. Anterior Cerebral Artery*
Anterior Cerebral Artery
Superficial brs.: medial surface of cerebral hemisphere (except occipital & inferior temporal lobes)
Deep brs.:
Medial striate a. (recurrent artery of Heubner) – head of caudate & parts of interior capsule & putamen
Other brs: anterior hypothalmus (preoptic and supraoptic regions)

43. Middle Cerebral Artery*
Middle Cerebral Artery
Superficial brs.: lateral surface of cerebral hemisphere
Deep brs.:
Anterior chroidal a.: choroid plexus of lateral ventricle, globus pallidus, hippocampus, posterior limb of internal capsule
Other brs: putamen, caudate, most of anterior limb of internal capsule

44. Posterior Cerebral Artery*
Posterior Cerebral Artery
Superficial brs.: medial surface of occipital & inferior temporal lobes

45. Posterior Cerebral Artery
Posterior Cerebral Artery
Deep brs.:
Posterior choroidal a.: tectum, medial regions of thalamus, choroid plexus of third ventricle
Posterior medial group: pituitary, tuber cinereum, hypothalamus, mammillary bodies, anterior and medial parts of thalamus
Posterolateral group: lateral and medial genicular nuclei, caudal thalamus, pulvinar, lateral nuclear groups of thalamus