1. VENTRICLES & VASCULAR SUPPLY Bernelda Thomas, Nicole Vaughn, & Angelica Wiggins

2. Question 1 1. The brain receives its blood supply from two arterial systems, the ___________ and ____________. a. Carotid and Anterior Spinal Artery b. Carotid and Vertebral Basilar c. Posterior and Anterior Spinal Artery d. Vertebral Basilar Artery and Posterior Spinal Artery

3. B. Carotid and Vertebral Basilar Answer: The brain receives its blood supply from two arterial systems, the B. Carotid and Vertebral Basilar  The brain receives its blood supply from two arterial systems, the carotid and vertebral basilar arteries. They join the Circle of Willis at the base of the brain.

4. Question 2 2. Infarction to the Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery may result in _____________. a. Bell’s Palsy b. Aphasia c. Dysmetria d. Wallenberg’s Syndrome

5. D. Wallenberg’s Syndrome Answer: Infarction to the Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery may result in D. Wallenberg’s Syndrome  Infarction to PICA may result in Wallenberg’s or PICA syndrome.  There is a loss of pain/temperature sensation from side of the face ipsilateral (same side) to the lesion along with loss of pain/temperature from side of body contralateral (opposite side) to the side of the lesion.  Other clinical symptoms and findings are ataxic motor disorder, dysarthria (slurred speech), and dysphagia.  Along with facial pain, vertigo, nystagmus, and diplopia (double vision).

6. Question 3 3. Blockage to the __________ can result in contralateral hemiplegia, sensory impairments, involuntary movements, aphasia, contructional apraxia, temporospatial deficits, and reading/writing deficits. a. Anterior Cerebellar Artery b. Middle Cerebellar Artery c. Posterior Cerebellar Artery d. Superior Cerebellar Artery

7. B. Middle Cerebellar Artery Answer: B. Middle Cerebellar Artery  Blockage of the MCA results in contralateral hemiplegia and sensory impairments, involuntary movements, aphasia, constructional apraxia, temporospatial deficits, and reading/writing deficits.

8. Question 4 4. The ___________ and __________ are two arteries that branch off from the Basilar Artery. a. Internal Carotid Artery and Anterior Spinal Artery b. Posterior Cerebellar Artery and Internal Auditory Artery c. Posterior Cerebellar Artery and Posterior Communicating Artery d. Posterior Spinal Artery and Anterior Cerebellar Arteries

9. B. Posterior Cerebellar Artery and Internal Auditory Artery Answer: The ___________ and __________ are two arteries that branch off from the Basilar Artery. B. Posterior Cerebellar Artery and Internal Auditory Artery  An important branch of the basilar artery is the Internal Auditory Artery that supplies the cochlea and the vestibular apparatus.  The basilar artery also forms the Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) at its junction with the Circle of Willis  ALSO… Just at the junction where the two vertebral arteries join to the form the Basilar artery, emerges the anterior inferior Cerebellar arteries

10. Question 5 5. Constructional Apraxia is caused by lesions of the _____________. a. Left Parietal Lobe b. Anterior 1/3 of the Frontal Lobe c. Right Parietal Lobe d. Right Temporal Lobe

11. C. Right Parietal Lobe Answer: Constructional Apraxia is caused by lesions of the C. Right Parietal Lobe  Constructional apraxia is caused by lesions of the right hemisphere, particularly the right parietal lobe.  The primary deficit in constructional apraxia appears to involve the ability to perceive and imagine geometrical relations.

12. Question 6 6. Interruption of blood circulation in the _____________ results in paralysis of the legs and feet. a. Anterior Cerebellar Artery b. Middle Cerebellar Artery c. Posterior Cerebellar Artery d. Superior Cerebellar Artery

13. A. Anterior Cerebellar Artery Answer: Interruption of blood circulation in the A. Anterior Cerebellar Artery results in paralysis of the legs and feet.  Interruption of blood circulation in the ACA results in paralysis of the legs and feet and prefrontal lobe symptoms

14. Question 7 7. The middle cerebral artery supplies blood to all of the following areas of the brain except for the __________. a. Lateral Surface of the Occipital b. Lateral Surface of the Frontal Lobe c. Lateral Surface of the Parietal Lobe d. Lateral Surface of the Temporal Lobe

15. A. Lateral Surface of the Occipital Lobe Answer: The middle cerebral artery supplies blood to all of the following areas of the brain except for the A. Lateral Surface of the Occipital Lobe  The MCA supplies the lateral surfaces of frontal, parietal and temporal lobe.

16. Question 8 8. Which one of the following statements is true? a. There are two main divisions of the vertebral artery. b. The external carotid artery is a major source of blood for the brain. c. The vertebral basilar artery connects to the Circle of Willis at two different points. d. The internal carotid artery joins the Circle of Willis and divides into two cortical arteries.

17. D. The Internal Carotid Artery joins the Circle of Willis and divides into two cortical arteries. Answer: D. The Internal Carotid Artery joins the Circle of Willis and divides into two cortical arteries.  The Internal carotid artery joins the Circle of Willis and divides into two cortical arteries – Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) Middle cerebral artery (MCA)

18. Question 9 9. The _____________ connects the two anterior cerebellar arteries. a. Anterior Communicating Artery b. Anterior Spinal Artery c. Posterior Cerebellar Artery d. Posterior Communicating Artery

19. A. Anterior Communicating Artery Answer: A. Anterior Communicating Artery  The anterior communicating artery connects the two anterior cerebral arteries.

20. Question 10 10. One important function of the ___________ is to protect the brain from foreign substances in the blood that may injure the brain. a. Internal and External Carotid Arteries b. Circle of Willis c. Blood-Brain Barrier d. Meninges

21. B. Blood Brain Barrier Answer: B. Blood Brain Barrier  The BBB has several important functions:  Protects the brain from "foreign substances" in the blood that may injure the brain.  Protects the brain from hormones and neurotransmitters in the rest of the body.  Maintains a constant environment for the brain.

22. Question 11 11. Ischemic strokes are typically caused by all of the following except ___________. a. Stenosis b. Aneurysms c. Thrombus d. Embolus

23. B. Aneurysms Answer: Ischemic strokes are typically caused by all of the following except B. Aneurysms.  Ischemic strokes are most commonly caused by:  a thrombus – a blood clot formed within the vessel  an embolus – a bit of foreign matter, such as a plaque, that is carried along in the bloodstream from somewhere else  stenosis – constriction or narrowing of an artery in the head or neck  An aneurysm is a balloon-like swelling of the arterial walls that can cause damage by compressing brain structures and by rupturing the subarachnoid space.

24. Question 12 12. What is one condition that can disrupt the Blood- Brain Barrier? a. Diabetes b. Hydrocephalus c. Antibiotics d. Trauma

25. D. Trauma Answer: What is one condition that can disrupt the Blood-Brain Barrier? D. Trauma  The Blood-Brain Barrier can be disrupted by a variety of conditions, such as hypertension, microwaves and radiation, infection, trauma, ischemia, inflammation, and pressure.

26. Question 13 13. A(n) ____________ results from the rupturing of the small perforating arteries. a. Embolus b. Transient Ischemic Attack c. Hemorrhage d. Infection

27. C. Hemorrhage Answer: A C. Hemorrhage results from the rupture of the small perforating arteries.  The risks of a hemorrhage are greatly increased by hypertension

28. Question 14 14. The ___________ forms three cavities as it covers the brain, called dural extensions. a. Pia Mater b. Arachnoid c. Dura Mater d. None of the above

29. C. Dura Mater Answer: The C. Dura Mater forms three cavities as it covers the brain, called dural extensions.  The dura mater forms three cavities, called dural extensions, as it covers the brain:  Falx cerebri – is the largest of the dural extensions and it projects into the longitudinal fissure that separates the two cerebral hemispheres.  Tentorium Cerebelli - Separates the cerebellum from the inferior portion of the occipital lobes.  Falx Cerebelli - is a small triangular extension of the tentorium cerebelli that separates the two cerebellar hemispheres.

30. Question 15 15. The _____________ separates the cerebellum from the inferior portion of the occipital lobes. a. Tentorium Cerebelli b. Subarachnoid Space c. Falx Cerebelli d. Falx Cerebri

31. A. Tentorium Cerebelli Answer: The A. Tentorium Cerebelli separates the cerebellum from the inferior portion of the occipital lobes.

32. Question 16 16. The arachnoid membrane is separated from the dura mater by the ____________ space. a. Subarachnoid b. Subdural c. Epidural d. Periosteal

33. B. Subdural Answer: The arachnoid membrane is separated from the dura mater by the B. Subdural space.  The arachnoid membrane is separated from the dura mater by the subdural space. This is where the arachnoid villi are located, which drain CSF back into the ventricular system.

34. Question 17 17. Which statement below is correct about the subarachnoid space? a. Is filled with CSF. b. Drains the CSF back into the ventricular system. c. Is a vascular membrane. d. Follows the brain contour and is closely attached to the brain tissue.

35. A. Is filled with CSF. Answer: Which statement below is correct about the subarachnoid space? A. Is filled with CSF.  CSF is produced in the ventricular system by the choroid plexus. It circulates from the ventricles to the subarachnoid space around the CNS.

36. Question 18 18. The spinal cord is not covered by the ________. a. Dura mater b. Pia mater c. Internal meningeal layer d. External periosteal layer

37. D. External periosteal layer Answer: The spinal cord is not covered by the _______. D. External periosteal layer  There are two sets of duramater. One that covers the brain and another that covers the spinal cord. The duramater that covers the brain has two layers—external periosteal and internal meningeal. The duramater that covers the spinal cord is single layered and does not have a periosteal layer.

38. Question 19 19. Which statement is incorrect about the pia mater? a. It is collagenous. b. Blood vessels penetrate it. c. It is the innermost membrane. d. Has villi to drain the CSF back into the ventricular system.

39. D. Has villi to drain the CSF back into the ventricular system. Answer: Which statement is not correct about the pia mater membrane of the brain? D. Has villi to drain the CSF back into the ventricular system.  The above answer applies to the arachnoid membrane of the brain. The arachnoid contains projections known as arachnoid villi which drain the CSF back into the ventricular system.

40. Question 20 20. What is the most common purpose of a lumbar puncture/spinal tap? a. To check for meningitis b. To insert medicine to treat for an infection c. To release pressure in the duramater d. To screen for increased intracranial pressure

41. A. To check for meningitis Answer: What is the most common purpose of a lumbar puncture/spinal tap? A. To check for meningitis

42. Question 21 21. The floor of the lateral ventricles is formed by the _________. a. Basal Ganglia b. Corpus Callosum c. Thalamus d. Third Ventricle

43. C. Thalamus Answer: The floor of the lateral ventricles is formed by the ________. C. Thalamus

44. Question 22 22. The cerebral aqueduct connects the _________ to the __________. a. Third ventricle to the fourth ventricle b. Right lateral ventricle to the left lateral ventricle c. Lateral ventricles to the third ventricle d. Fourth ventricle to the intraventricular foramen

45. A. Third ventricle to the fourth ventricle Answer: The cerebral aqueduct connects the A. Third ventricle to the fourth ventricle

46. Question 23 23. All of the following allow CSF to circulate around the CNS and in the canal of the spinal cord except: a. Foramen of Magendie b. Foramina of Monro c. Two lateral foramina of Luschka d. None of the above

47. B. Foramina of Monro Answer: All of the following except one allows CSF to circulate around the CNS and in the central canal of the spinal cord. B. Foramina of Monro  The foramina of Monro acts as a communication point between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle.

48. Question 24 24. CSF is/does which of the following? a. An absolute barrier b. Prevents most blood-borne toxins from entering the brain c. Prevents alcohol from coming through d. Causes meningitis

49. B. Prevents most blood-borne toxins from entering the brain. Answer: CSF is/does which of the following? B. Prevents most blood-borne toxins from entering the brain.  Although CSF prevents the entrance of most blood-borne toxins, it is not an absolute barrier. Nutrients such as oxygen and harmful substances such as alcohol and nicotine can enter.

50. Question 25 25. The primary function of the ventricular system is to _____________. a. Provide moisture for the brain. b. Provide a safety mechanism if an artery is blocked. c. Provide cushion for the brain and spinal cord during rapid body movements. d. Circulate cerebrospinal fluid.

51. D. Circulate CSF Answer: The primary function of the ventricular system is to D. Circulate CSF  The circulation of CSF is essential because it bathes and cushions the brain and spinal cord in case of sudden, high impact body movements.