1. Western Europe in the Middle Ages 600 to 1450

2. The Franks Franks were a Germanic tribe united after fall of Western Roman Empire Franks were a Germanic tribe united after fall of Western Roman Empire –Roman Catholic –capital in Paris 732: Charles Martel defeated Muslims at Battle of Tours 732: Charles Martel defeated Muslims at Battle of Tours Martel founded Carolingian Dynasty Martel founded Carolingian Dynasty

3. Charles I the Great Charles I the Great –crowned ‘Holy Roman Emperor’ by pope –Charlemagne Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire –Otto the Great –Confederation of Germanic feudal states The Franks

4. Normans Settled in Newfoundland, Russia, Sicily, and northern France (Normandy) Settled in Newfoundland, Russia, Sicily, and northern France (Normandy) Fought with Byzantine Empire for control of southern Italy Fought with Byzantine Empire for control of southern Italy 1066: William the Conqueror invaded Anglo-Saxon England 1066: William the Conqueror invaded Anglo-Saxon England

5. Norman Migrations and Invasions

6. Feudalism Feudalism Feudalism –Kings granted fiefs –Kings granted fiefs to vassals for military service – –Swore oaths of fealty – –Peasants worked land in exchange for protection

7. Feudalism Chivalry: honor-based system Chivalry: honor-based system Patriarchal = male-dominated Patriarchal = male-dominated Primogeniture = oldest male son inherits land Primogeniture = oldest male son inherits land Women and peasants had few rights Women and peasants had few rights

9. Rise of the Middle Class Towns Towns –Independent of feudal estates –Middle class merchants = burghers –Allied with other cities and towns for protection –Hanseatic League controlled trade throughout Northern Europe

10. Hanseatic League

11. Art and architecture: Romanesque  Gothic (flying buttresses, vaulted ceilings) Romanesque  Gothic (flying buttresses, vaulted ceilings) Gregorian chants Gregorian chants

13. Religion Scholasticism = use of reason to understand religion Scholasticism = use of reason to understand religion St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) –Summa Theologica –faith and reason are not incompatible, both are gifts from God Heresy Heresy –religious practices or beliefs that do not conform to Church

14. The Crusades First Crusade (1099 CE) First Crusade (1099 CE) –Letter from Byzantine Emperor Alexius I to Pope Urban II asking for help –Crusaders captured Nicaea, Antioch, Edessa, and Jerusalem Second Crusade (1144 CE) Second Crusade (1144 CE) –Crusaders defeated by Turks in Asia Minor –Survivors travel on to Holy Land –Ruined relations with the Byzantine Empire

15. Muslim Jihad Re-Conquest Re-Conquest –Saladin overthrows Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt and establishes Ayubbid Dynasty –Defeats Crusader army at Battle of Hattin in 1187 CE –Recaptures city of Jerusalem in 1189 CE

16. The Crusades Third Crusade (1189-97 CE) Third Crusade (1189-97 CE) –English King Richard I the Lionheart defeats Saladin but cannot recapture Jerusalem –Treaty guaranteeing safety of pilgrims Fourth Crusade (1204 CE) Fourth Crusade (1204 CE) –Crusaders cannot afford to pay Venetians for their fleet –Campaign is diverted to Constantinople –Byzantine Empire is overthrown by Crusaders Sixth Crusade (1213-21 CE) Sixth Crusade (1213-21 CE) –Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II Hohenstaufen recaptures Jerusalem through diplomacy

18. Bubonic Plague (Black Death) Originated in China, where it killed est. 35 million people Originated in China, where it killed est. 35 million people Spread via Mongol-controlled Silk Roads  Italy Spread via Mongol-controlled Silk Roads  Italy Crowded cities, poor sanitation, and limited medical knowledge Crowded cities, poor sanitation, and limited medical knowledge 1/3 of Europe’s population was dead in 30 years 1/3 of Europe’s population was dead in 30 years People lost faith in the power of the Church People lost faith in the power of the Church

21. Emergence of Nation- States

22. Introduction In Middle Ages, Europe was not organized in nation-states; rather feudal kingdoms In Middle Ages, Europe was not organized in nation-states; rather feudal kingdoms By end of Middle Ages, western Europe starts to organize along cultural and linguistic lines By end of Middle Ages, western Europe starts to organize along cultural and linguistic lines Germany and Italy became decentralized in a group of small independent townships and kingdoms Germany and Italy became decentralized in a group of small independent townships and kingdoms

23. England 1215: English nobles force King John to sign the Magna Carta 1215: English nobles force King John to sign the Magna Carta reinstated feudal rights of nobles reinstated feudal rights of nobles extended rule of law to other peoples extended rule of law to other peoples foundation for Parliament: foundation for Parliament: House of Lords (nobles and Clergy)— legal issues, advised king House of Lords (nobles and Clergy)— legal issues, advised king House of Commons (knights and wealthy landowners)—trade and taxation House of Commons (knights and wealthy landowners)—trade and taxation

24. France England occupation of French-speaking lands led to revolts and statehood England occupation of French-speaking lands led to revolts and statehood Joan of Arc led French army to victory against British at Orleans Joan of Arc led French army to victory against British at Orleans Hundred Years War (1337- 1453) between England and France  England retreats Hundred Years War (1337- 1453) between England and France  England retreats France unified under Bourbon Dynasty of monarchs France unified under Bourbon Dynasty of monarchs

25. Spain Spain was divided between three kingdoms and two religions (Christian and Muslim) Spain was divided between three kingdoms and two religions (Christian and Muslim) Isabella married Ferdinand of Aragon Isabella married Ferdinand of Aragon Non-Christians (Jews and Muslims) forced to convert or leave; start of Spanish Inquisition Non-Christians (Jews and Muslims) forced to convert or leave; start of Spanish Inquisition New unity and energy led to imperial quest to spread Spanish language and religion to new lands New unity and energy led to imperial quest to spread Spanish language and religion to new lands