1. Overview of the Skeleton 1

2. Bones of the skeleton Cartilages, ligaments and other connective tissues that stabilize and connect The skeletal system includes 2

3. Functions of the skeletal system Support Storage of minerals and lipids Blood cell production Protection Leverage 3

4. Subdivisions of the skeleton Axial  Lies around the body’s center of gravity Appendicular  Limbs 4

5. Compact bone (dense) Spongy bone (cancellous)  trabecula Bone structure = two types of bone 5

6. Classification of bones By the shape  Long  Flat  Short  Irregular  Sesamoid  Sutural 6

7. Classification of bones 7

8. Bone Markings (Surface Features) 8

9. Bone markings Projection that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment:  Tubercle (tubercle of the rib)  Tuberosity (tibial tuberosity)  Trochanter (femur)  Epicondyle (medial epicondyle-femur)  Line (line aspera-femur)  Crest (pubic crest)  Process (spinous process)  Spine (ischial spine) 9

10. Bone markings Projections that help to form joints:  Head (femur)  Facet (costal facet)  Condyle (femur)  Ramus (mandible) 10

11. Bone markings Cavities:  Sinus (maxillary) 11

12. Bone markings Depressions and openings for blood vessels and nerves to pass:  Foramen (ovale)  Meatus (acoustic meatus)  Fissure (orbital)  Fossa (posterior cranial fossa) 12

13. Diaphysis  Periosteum  Perforating fibers (Sharpey’s)  Endosteum Epiphyses  Epiphysial plate  Epiphysial line A typical long bone includes 13

14. A typical long bone includes Articular cartilage Marrow cavity  Filled with red or yellow marrow 14

15. Bone Structure 15

16. Bone Growth at an Epiphyseal Cartilage 16

17. Bone Histology 17

18. The Histology of Compact Bone 18

19. Basic unit of compact bone is an osteon  Osteocytes  Lacunae  Perforating canals (Volkmann’s)  Central canal Compact bone 19

20. Compact bone Canaliculi Lamella  Circumferential  Interstitial  Concentric 20

21. The Structure of Osseous Tissue 21