1. Hao Li, CTTFS, CItyU

2. The Emission Problem Pollution from transportation emission has become the second largest contributor of air toxics and greenhouse gases pollutions. Emissions from transportation have increased by about 27 percent since 1990, making it the fastest growing source of the emissions.

3. Ship Emission Regulations The Government of HKSAR is seeking legislation to mandate all ocean- going vessels (OGVs) to use cleaner fuel (Sulfur content < 0.05%) while at berth in Hong Kong effecting from 2015. Current emission control : based on checking certificates, Oil Record Book, and bunker delivery notes, which are not hard to falsify.  Urgent need for techniques to remotely monitor emissions by individual vessels and vehicles 3

4. Measurement Techniques Measurement of SO 2 content of the exhaust plume can be performed in 2 different ways: Sample based: Mobile laboratory Onboard Emission Monitor UAV + Electrochemistry sensors/Canister Optical based: FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry) UV-DOAS LIDAR

5. Passive FTIR Monitoring System DetectorTarget Real time Infrared Spectrum Monitoring Identification and concentration of gas emissions

6. Past Outdoor Experiments Experiments conducted last year: LocationsTimeTarget Steel Plant2013.4.Smokestacks Airport2013.7.Airplanes River Port2013.11.Barges

7. 7 CO 2 O3O3 H2OH2O Low resolution (16cm -1 ) High resolution (1cm -1 ) Steel Plant Experiment

8. Airport Experiment Civil Airplanes in LTO cycle (overhead, apron, runway)

9. Airport Experiment

14. Software and Data Processor Development

15. 1. Pre-processing of Data Collected (Spectrum conversion from electrical signal, Calibration) 2. Determination of possible feature bands, and selection of scans to be measured. 3. Develop Gas Detection Model and Fit Procedure to measure gas concentration and emission rate. Data Analysis of gas spectra (CO for instance)

16. CO’s feature band: around 2020-2230cm -1 (4.7um) NIST Library MODTRAN Simulated Absorption Data Feature Band Selection

17. Background and Target Spectra

18. Gas concentration Calculation Transmittance is calculated based on the Three layers model, Concentration c, gas cloud depth l, and transmittance has the relationship based on Lambert-Beer law ： Finally the gas concentration is, calculated by a fit procedure 18

19. Example of fit outcome Correlation Coefficient = 79.88% estimated concentration = 20.16ppm

20. Backward Lagrangian Stochastic(bLS) models to determine emission rate.

21. Future Experiment Plan Field experiment in Hong Kong Port (Kwai Chung Container Terminals, 2015 start) Ship In-Port SO 2 emissions to monitor fuel switching procedure

22. Data Analysis Innovation - TSA Spectral Domain Time Domain (NEW) (NEW) 22

23. THANK YOU! 23