1. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology SIXTH EDITION i Chapter 6, part 1 Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Learning Objectives Describe the functions of the skeletal system. Classify bones and identify the major markings. Identify cell types in bone and list their functions. Compare spongy and compact bone. Compare intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Discuss the effects of nutrition, hormones, exercise and aging on the bones. Describe the types of fractures.

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Skeletal System: An Introduction

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the skeleton Cartilages, ligaments and other connective tissues that stabilize and connect The skeletal system includes

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functions of the skeletal system Support Storage of minerals and lipids Blood cell production Protection Leverage

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 6-2 A Classification of Bones

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Long Flat Short Irregular Sesamoid Sutural Bone shapes

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.1 Figure 6.1 Classification of Bones by Shape

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Compact bone (dense) Spongy bone (cancellous) Bone structure = two types of bone

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Diaphysis Epiphyses Metaphysis Articular cartilage Marrow cavity Filled with red or yellow marrow A typical long bone includes

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.2 Figure 6.2 Bone Structure

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 6-3 Bone Histology

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Supporting tissue with a solid matrix Crystals of hydroxyapatite Minerals deposited in lamellae Covered by periosteum Osseous tissue

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Osteocytes = mature bone cells In lacunae Connected by canaliculi Osteoblasts synthesize new matrix Osteogenesis Osteoclasts dissolve bone matrix Osteolysis Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts Cells in bone:

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.3a Figure 6.3 The Histology of Compact Bone

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.3b, c Figure 6.3 The Histology of Compact Bone

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Basic unit of compact bone is an osteon Osteocytes arranged around a central canal Perforating canals extend between adjacent osteons Spongy bone contains trabeculae Compact bone and spongy bone

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.4 Figure 6.4 The Structure of Osseus Tissue

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Compact bone located where stresses are limited in direction Spongy bone located where stresses are weaker or multi-directional Bones and stress

20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.5 Figure 6.5 The Distribution of Forces on a Long Bone

21. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Covered by periosteum Lined by endosteum Bones are: Animation: Axial Dissections PLAY

22. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ossification = converting other tissue to bone Calcification = depositing calcium salts within tissues Bone development and growth

23. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Begins with osteoblast differentiation Dermal bones produced Begins at ossification center Intramembranous ossification

24. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.7 Figure 6.7 Intramembranous Ossification

25. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cartilage model gradually replaced by bone at metaphysis Increasing bone length Timing of epiphyseal closure differs Appositional growth increases bone diameter Endochondral ossification

26. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.8a Figure 6.8 Endochondral Ossification

27. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.8b Figure 6.8 Endochondral Ossification Animation: Endochondral Ossification PLAY

28. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.9 Figure 6.9 Bone Growth at an Epiphyseal Cartilage

29. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.10a Figure 6.10 Appositional Bone Growth

30. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.10b Figure 6.10 Appositional Bone Growth

31. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.11 The Circulatory Supply to a Mature Bone Figure 6.11

32. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 6-5 The Dynamic Nature of Bone

33. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Remodeling Exercise Hormone levels Growth hormone and thyroxine increase bone mass Calcitonin and PTH control blood calcium levels continually changing

34. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.12 Figure 6.12 A Chemical Analysis of Bone

35. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 99% body’s calcium in the skeleton Calcium ion concentration maintained by bones GI tract and kidneys Calcitonin and PTH regulate blood calcium levels Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels PTH increases blood calcium levels The skeleton is a calcium reserve

36. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.13a Figure 6.13 Factors that Alter the Concentration of Calcium Ions in Body Fluids

37. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.13b Figure 6.13 Factors that Alter the Concentration of Calcium Ions in Body Fluids

38. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fracture hematoma External callus Internal callus Fracture repair

39. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.14 Steps in the Repair of a Fracture Figure 6.14

40. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 6-6 Bone Markings (Surface Features)

41. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Are characteristic for each bone and each individual Markings include Elevations Projections Depressions Grooves and tunnels Bone markings

42. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 6-7 Aging and the Skeletal System

43. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Osteopenia Osteoporosis Effects of aging include

44. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.16 Figure 6.16 The Effects of Osteoporosis

45. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings You should now be familiar with: The functions of the skeletal system. Bones and their major markings. Cell types in bone and their functions. Spongy and compact bone. Intramembranous and endochondral ossification. The effects of nutrition, hormones, exercise and aging on the bones. The types of fractures.