1. Geography of Europe -- Answers 1. Europe is the smallest of the seven continents. 2. Lands include fertile plains and fields, long coast lines. 3. ONE major harvest per year. 4. Fertile soil for crops and a significant annual rain fall.

3. Geography of Europe 5. European rivers connect the continent – good for trade, boats. 6. Danube River, Rhine River, Volga River – all through central Europe. 7. Mountain ranges were a natural border that separated groups of people – created different cultures, kingdoms. 8. Timber from forests, tin, furs/skins from game animal.

4. Prologue – pages 301-305 2. Early Castles built of wood, then stone – wood was easy to burn; castles become more formidable as the period moves on. 3. The moat prevented enemies from tunneling under the castle. Also used for waste. 4. Inner bailey housed the lord and his family.

5. Castle – pages 301-305 5. Boiling water, molten lead, hot oil, arrows. 6. Siege = surrounding a castle for an extended period in hopes the inhabitants run out of resources. B. FEUDALISM = a class system based on land obligations to a lord/ruler. The Social Structure of the Medieval Age. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10440300

6. Feudalism cont’d 2. a) Political – Ensure Protection b) Social – determines a person’s place, rights & responsibilities. c) Economic – regulates the distribution of land and wealth. 3. Fiefs = knights received land as a reward for being a good soldier 4. Lesser lords = vassals

7. Feudalism cont’d 5. SERF = peasant who works/farms land for a lord in exchange for protection. 6. Farm the land, taxes for housing, land, marriage, and death. 7. Protection, justice, fair treatment.

8. Feudalism cont’d C. Code of Chivalry - to fight fair against an equal opponent - treat noble prisoners well - uphold and defend Christianity - Act gallantly Women portrayed as virtuous; inspire goodness amongst knights

9. Feudalism cont’d D. Manorialism = Self-sufficient - Manor house- Mill - Barn & stable- Bake-ovens - Cottages- Blacksmith - Church- Winery

10. Manorialism Serfs farm food Hens/chickens, eggs Cows = milk Oxen and work horses Tools and weapons from Blacksmith Mill = grain and flour

11. Manorialism concluded 3.Salts and spices imported from the Middle East (reconnection during the Crusades) 4. Bailiff supervises Serfs Sheriff becomes responsible for enforcing the king’s law 5. Serfs work 6 days per week, intensive labour. Church service and festivals on Holy days.