1. CHAPTER 18 Eighteenth-Century Society and Culture The West Encounters and Transformations Levack/Muir/Veldman/Maas Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

2. Chapter 18: Eighteenth-Century Society and Culture Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 I. The Aristocracy II. Challenges to Aristocratic Dominance III. The Enlightenment IV. The Impact of the Enlightenment

3. Chapter 18: Eighteenth-Century Society and Culture Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 I. The Aristocracy Definition Nobility of the sword v. Nobility of the robe A. The Wealth of the Aristocracy Land Increasingly commercial B. Political Power c. 1750, height England House of Lords House of Commons Absolute monarchies administrative positions Judicial functions England common law courts France parlements Germany tribunals C. Aristocratic Culture Classicism Classical Music Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)

4. Chapter 18: Eighteenth-Century Society and Culture Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 II. Challenges to Aristocratic Dominance A. Encounters with the Peasantry Central, East Europe serfdom abolished in Austria, Prussia Resistance Ireland - Whiteboys Western Europe - contained Eastern Europe revolts, 1780's Bohemia, Hungary, Croatia Transylvania, 1784 massacre of nobles Emelian Pugachev (1726-1775) raids on administrative centers serfs revolt executed C. The Bourgeoisie Burghers - privileged citizens Critique of the Aristocracy

5. Chapter 18: Eighteenth-Century Society and Culture Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 III. The Enlightenment Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Critique of Pure Reason, 1781 Isaac Newton (1647-1727) John Locke (1632-1704) A. Themes Reason, Natural Law David Hume (1711-1776) Treatise of Human Nature, 1739-1740 Adam Smith (1723-1790) Wealth of Nations, 1776 Religion and Morality Deism Gotthold Lessing (1729-1781) Nathan the Wise, 1779 Baron d'Holbach (1723-1789) Hume Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, 1748 A. Themes Progress and Reform Adam Ferguson (1723-1816) Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794) A Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Human Mind, 1795 Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) Essay on Crimes and Punishments, 1764 B. Voltaire and the Enlightenment François Marie Arouet (1694-1778) Madame du Châtelet (1706-1749) Philosophical Dictionary,1764 anti-clerical Candide, 1759

6. Chapter 18: Eighteenth-Century Society and Culture Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 III. The Enlightenment C. Political Theory Hume That Politics May Be Reduced to a Science, 1741 Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) Persian Letters, 1721 Spirit of the Laws, 1748 Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1712-1778) Emile, or an Education, 1762 Discourse on the Origin of Inequality Among Men, 1755 The Social Contract, 1762 Denis Diderot (1713-1784) Thomas Paine (1737-1809) Common Sense, 1776 The Rights of Man, 1791

7. Chapter 18: Eighteenth-Century Society and Culture Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 III. The Enlightenment D. Women and the Enlightenment Condorcet On the Admission of Women to the Rights of Citizenship, 1789 Marie Olympe Aubrey de Gouges (1748-1793) The Rights of Women, 1791 Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1792 E. Sexuality Giacomo Casanova (1725-1798) Marquise de Sade (1740-1814) Justine (1793) John Cleland Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure, 1749

8. Chapter 18: Eighteenth-Century Society and Culture Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 IV. The Impact of the Enlightenment A. The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas Encyclopedia, 1751-1765 Denis Diderot Jean le Rond d'Alembert Salons Madame Geoffrin Madame du Deffand B. The Limits of the Enlightenment Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815) mesmerism Witchcraft

9. Chapter 18: Eighteenth-Century Society and Culture Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 IV. The Impact of the Enlightenment C. Enlightened Absolutism Frederick the Great (1740-1786) Deist D'Alembert Voltaire Law code end to judicial torture, capital punishment Compulsory education Maria Theresa (1740-1780) and son Joseph II (1780-1790) Reforms end to torture Catherine II (1762-1796) Reforms public schools ends torture, capital punishment IV. The Impact of the Enlightenment D. The Enlightenment and Revolution Britain Parliamentary reform Franchise slightly expanded France Revolution Philosophes v. Old Regime Critique of empires Guillaume Thomas Raynal The Philosophical and Political History of the Settlement and Commerce of Europeans in the Two Indies, 1770