1. By: Mrs. Sheffield

3.  Identify the scope of agriculture and its effect upon society.  Discuss significant historical agricultural developments.  Identify the interdependency of agriculture and the environment.  Analyze the four main regions of American agriculture

4.  Definition: the science, art, or practice of cultivating the soil, producing crops, and raising livestock and in varying degrees the preparation and marketing of the resulting products.  Modern definition is changing! ◦ Biotechnology ◦ Renewable energy sources ◦ Biofuels ◦ Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

5. 1. Prehistoric 2. Ag through the Roman Period 3. Feudal 4. Scientific

6.  Neolithic culture  Change from gathering to production Ag  Began by noting which plants were wild then saved seeds to replant  Goats and sheep herds were started from wild animals  Lived in caves or small houses of mud and wood  Early tools made of wood and stone 6 th per. 9/3

8.  2500 BC to AD 500  Introduction of metals  Grapes, wine, and olive oil traded  Rye and oats cultivated  Storage improved  Irrigation developed  Mixed farming increased

9.  Began soon after the fall of the Roman Empire (about AD 1100)  Irrigation allowed Egypt to sell wheat in international market ◦ Flooding of the Nile River  Oranges, lemons, peaches, and apricots were cultivated  Wool, leather, and linen were used for clothing

10.  Started after decline of feudalism in approximately AD 1500  Cultivation of sugar, cotton, tobacco, and tea for cash crops  Selective breeding of livestock – late 1700s  John Deere introduced the steel plow in 1837 1 st per. 9/3 6 th per. 9/4

11.  Steam engine – late 1800’s  Better transportation  Increased food production due to a population explosion ◦ Immigrants & “Baby boom” ◦ Post-Civil War / Reconstruction

12.  Originally dependant on European sources for seed, stocks, livestock, and machinery  20 th century-steam, gas, diesel, and electrical power used  Chemical fertilizers, conservation techniques, selective breeding developed further  Standards set

13.  Northeast and Lake States ◦ Milk producing area  Appalachian region ◦ Tobacco  Southeast States ◦ Beef cattle & Broilers  Delta States ◦ Soybeans & Cotton

14.  Corn Belt (Ohio to Iowa) ◦ Corn, beef, hogs, dairy products  Northern & Southern Plains ◦ Winter & Spring wheat  Mountain States ◦ Cattle & Sheep (wheat in the North)  Pacific Region ◦ Wheat, fruit, potatoes 1 st per. 9/4

15. Pacific Coast Mountain Region Northern & Southern Plains Delta States Southeast Region Appalachian Region Corn Belt Northeast & Lake Regions The Maritimes Eastern Canada Prairie Provinces & Western Canada

16.  1935: 6.8 million farms ◦ Average farm size was 155 acres  2007: just under 2.1 million farms ◦ Average farm size was 449 acres  So, what does that mean? ◦ Number of farms is going down, while the average farm size is increasing ◦ Commercialization

17. By: Mrs. Sheffield

18.  Before any civilization could exist and flourish, a strong agricultural base had to be established  “Without food to feed all of the people little progress can be made by any people”  Determines (in part) the wealth of a nation

19.  90% of colonists made their living through agriculture at the time of the American Revolution  South becomes major center for cotton production ◦ Shipped to Europe in exchange for manufactured goods  1790: Eli Whitney invents cotton engine ◦ South settled due to cotton farming

20.  John Deere’s steel plow in 1837 helped Midwest farmers plow thick, clay soils  1831, Cyrus McCormick invents machine used for reaping wheat  Internal combustion engine has revolutionary effect on agriculture ◦ Work time drastically cut down

21.  1862 - Land Grant (Morrill Act): provides each state with public land to build a college for “the common people” ◦ Proposed by Justin Morrill  “A&M” universities – teach agriculture and mechanics  1862 – President Lincoln established Unites States Department of Agriculture

22.  Hatch Act (1872): ◦ Established experiment stations in states with land grant colleges ◦ Purpose was to create new knowledge in Agriculture through experimentation  Land Grant Act (1890): ◦ Provided additional colleges which African Americans and other minorities could afford ◦ Example: Prairie View A&M 6 TH per. 9/8

23.  Smith Hughes Act (1917): ◦ Established Vocational Agriculture in public high schools Alabama Polytechnic Institute Vocational Ag 1926

24. What percent of American colonists made their living through agriculture during the Revolution? John Deere’s plow was made out of?? Where did most cotton produced in America go? In what century did selective breeding of livestock begin?

25. Which time period developed irrigation? Which time period did transportation improve? Which region in the U.S. produces the most milk? Invention of the ___________ engine had a revolutionary effect on ag.

26. Who invented the cotton engine? Who invented a machine for reaping wheat? Who proposed the land grant universities act? What were colleges called that taught Agriculture & Mechanics? Which government agency did President Lincoln establish in 1862?