1. End of the Golden Age of Greece
Athens defeat in Peloponnesian War ( bce)
Death of Aristotle (322 bce)

2. The Roman Period Roman Republic (500 bce – 44 bce)
Roman Empire (44 bce – 325 ce)
4 Roman philosophies

3. Stoicism Stoa Poikile - "painted porch” of “Zeno of Citium”
Self-control and detachment from distracting emotions allows one to become a clear thinker

4. Zeno of Citium - world operates according to a master plan
Universal determinism governed by fate
Person is part of the environment
Life’s events cannot be changed – just accept them

5. Epicureanism Epicurus - goal of life is happiness
Soul is a material part of the body
Thought works through atoms of the environment striking the atoms of the soul
Guiding determination of human activity is hedonism

6. Skepticism We cannot ever truly have definite beliefs about anything
To avoid believing in something that is false, don’t believe in anything

7. Cynicism
Virtue; rejected society’s comforts; attacked society for hypocrisy
Diogenes the “Dog Philosopher”

8. Stirrings Afoot: The Rise of Neo-Platonism
Idea that “The body is both the agent and prison of the soul”
Emphasis on spirituality

9. St. Paul’s Neoplatonism (10 ce – 64 ce)
Body is evil, the soul divine
Reason was not the way to salvation, faith was
Provided much of the theology that went into Christianity
Executed by Nero

10. Early Christian Philosophy

11. The Dark Ages and the Fall of Rome (around Year 500)

12. St. Augustine (300’s – 400’s)
The Confessions
City of God

13. St. Augustine’s Philosophy
Must remove the faulty impressions of sensory knowledge to attain divine wisdom
Freedom to choose led to evil
”Inner Experience,” studied through introspection, was valid
Said that science and philosophy not conducted in the service of theology were suspect

14. His Accomplishments
Completed the Christianization of Greek philosophy by reaffirming the Platonic idea about relationship between body and soul
Established a special relationship between church and state

15. Middle Ages ( )
Plato (neo-platonism) vs. Aristotle (scholasticism)

16. Middle Ages Timeline 500 Beginning 715 Muslims conquer Spain
800 Charlemagne crowned emperor; 1st castles built in France
900 Feudalism dominates
1095 Crusades begin
1215 Magna Carta
1337 Hundred Year War begins

17. Favoring Neo-Platonism (800’s)
Man's nature is part divine and part animal
Attempts to fuse neo-platonism with Christian doctrines to reconcile faith and reason
John Scotus Erigenea

18. Favoring Aristotle - Islamic and Judaistic Thought

19. Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (1000)
Sufi who excelled in mathematics, medicine, science, astronomy, law, music, poetry and philosophy

20. al-Qanun fi al-Tibb (the Canon in Medicine)
A'hwal al-Nafs (Conditions of the Psyche)
Stomach ulcers and stress?
Humans are not created with knowledge, but have a “potential to know”
Attempted to synthesize Aristotle with Islam

21. Maimonides (1100’s) Jewish philosopher “Guide for the Perplexed”
Reason should guide all things as long as the Bible's doctrines are not sacrificed
No conflict between faith and reason
Synthesized Aristotle with Judaism

22. Favoring Aristotle - The Formation of the School of Scholasticism

23. St. Anselm (1000’s) Dialectics and logic important to theology
Reason was important for understanding God
Founder of ”Scholasticism”

24. Ontological Arguments About the Existence of God
"God is that than which nothing greater can be thought." If God did not exist, then something greater than He could not be thought; thus, God must exist.

25. Peter Abelard (1100’s) One of the pioneers of the U. of Paris
Argued against Platonic ideals
Reason was equal to faith
The act of thinking and the content of thought are distinct from each other

26. Abelard and Heloise Heloise’s Uncle Fulbert not happy…
Banished to silence

27. St. Thomas Aquinas (1200’s) Major Christian theologian
Came under the influence of the Dominicans

28. The origins of knowledge are revelation and reason
Faith and reason are independent and compatible
The truth must be believed, even when it cannot be fully understood (?)

29. Aquinas and Psychology
A person is not simply a physical machine propelled by the environment, nor a soul imprisoned in the body
Accepted the concept of the mind being a “tabula rasa” or “blank slate”

30. The Human Soul The human soul possesses 5 faculties: Vegetative
Sensitive
Appetitive
Locomotive
Intellectual

31. John Duns Scotus (1200’s) "The Subtle Doctor"
Subtle because no one could understand his convoluted writing
Founded his own school called Scotism

32. Scotism The will of man is superior to the intellect of man
The ultimate end is the love of God and not the knowledge of God
Argued against Aristotle and Aquinas
Followers were called The Dunsmen

33. William of Ockham (1300’s) "The Venerable Inceptor"
Franciscan theologian and writer
Attacked Pope John XII

34. Ockham’s Razor - The Law of Parsimony
"If two explanations are equally plausible, the simplest explanation, usually the one with the fewest assumptions, is preferred.”

35. Pre-Renaissance Science

36. Power of the Church Confirmed emperors and monarchs
Appointed bishops and regulated monasteries
Decided on correct beliefs for the people
Classic writings were lost or censored
Pope most powerful person in Europe
The "Index of Books"

37. The Crusades ( )

38. Plagues and the Black Death

39. 1100's - The First Universities Established
U. of Bologna (1088 or 1119?)
U. of Paris (1160)
Oxford (1167)
Cambridge (1284)
1300's - many in Italy

40. Roger Bacon (1200’s) "Dr. Mirabilis” (the wonderful doctor)
Lenses, optics, gunpowder, magnetic needles
Emphasized the importance of careful observation
Empirical observation will gain more than logical arguments

41. Bacon’s Predictions
”Ships will go without rowers and with only a single man to guide them."
”Carriages without horses will go at tremendous speed"
”Machines will lift incredibly great weights“

42. Pre-Renaissance Humanism
Focus is on human interests and away from scholasticism
Focus on the person as a part of the world of nature

43. Humanists advocated the use of common sense
Exposed the abuses of the Church
Advanced the “Revival of Learning”
Erasmus “The Praise of Folly”

44. Vives (1500’s) "De Anima et Vita“
On psychology and the scientific method
Relied on humors to explain mental phenomena
Some consider him to be the "Father of Modern Psychology"

45. Martin Luther (1500’s) Leader of the Protestant Reformation
Argued that Aristotle was a major cause of the Catholic church's decline

46. Machiavelli (1500’s) "Il Principe " (The Prince)
Quote: "It is better to be loved than feared, but better to be feared than nothing at all.“
Used common sense and logic to analyze the principles of effective leadership
Precursor to organizational psychology and management theory?

47. How to Keep a Ruler in Power?
Discourage mass political activism
Channel subjects' energies into private pursuits
Judicious use of violence
Promote material prosperity

48. The Other Side of Machiavelli
"Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livius" ( )
In order for a republic to survive, it needed to foster a spirit of patriotism and civic virtue among its citizens
Republic would be strengthened by the conflicts generated through open political participation and debate