1. Teaching and Learning Paradigms: Epistemological Differences Mary M. Brabeck Steinhardt School New York University

2. Epistemology: Ways of Knowing  The philosophical investigation of knowledge including its origin, nature, method and limits  B. B. Wolman: Dictionary of Behavioral Sciences (Van Norstrand Reinhold Co., 1973)

3. Theory of knowledge makes a difference  Jerome Frank  Philosophers:  Plato - Socrates - Constructivism  Aristotle – Empiricism – Behaviorism  Descartes – Chomsky- Nativism  Kant - Rawls – Piaget – Cognitivism  Popper – Perry – Reflective Thinking  Husserl- Merleau-Ponty - Humanism  Foucault – Post modernism - Deconstruction

4. Theory matters  Cognitivism:  Piaget’s stage theory  Vygotsky’ sociocultural theory  Sternberg’s information processing  Gardner’s multiple intelligence  Fischer’s developmental systems

5. Theory matters  Thorndike versus Dewey  Different view of learner  Different view of evidence  Different view of science of learning

6. Classroom interventions  Lecturing – convey information  Inquiry Learning – foster creativity and curiosity  Questioning – stimulate interest  Drill and worksheets – master skills  Direct Instruction – develop responses  Simulations - increase empathy, understanding  Case study – problem solving  Computer assisted instruction – analysis and synthesis  Service learning – citizenship, empathy  Co-operative learning – group processes  Independent work – synthesis  Tutoring - remediation

7. Focus on Learning  Learner centered  Knowledge centered  Assessment centered  Contextualized  NCR: How People Learn (2003)

8. Questions beyond Epistemology  What is the purpose of schooling?  Promote knowledge, skills abilities  Promote creativity  Develop citizens for the future

9. Questions beyond Epistemology  What is the role of external factors?

10. Questions beyond Epistemology  What is the optimal match?