1. Ancient Egypt and Kush
Chapter 4, Section 1

2. Geography and Ancient Egypt (pgs. 86-89)
Egypt was called the “gift of the Nile” because the Nile River gave life to the desert.
Location and Physical Features Upper Egypt (southern Egypt), upriver on the Nile; Lower Egypt (Northern Egypt), downriver on the Nile
The Nile River is the longest river in the world. It begins in central Africa and runs northward to the Mediterranean Sea.
Because of the flow of the river, that’s how Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt got its name.

3. Features of the Nile
Cataracts were strong rapids that formed along the Nile because of the rough terrain.
In Lower Egypt (at the Northeastern tip of Egypt), the Nile divided into several branches that flowed into the Mediterranean Sea.
These branches formed what is known as the Nile Delta.
A delta is a triangle-shaped area of land made of soil deposited by a river.
Over ½ of Egypt’s fertile farmland was located in the Nile Delta. (about 2/3 of it)

4. The Floods of the Nile
Egypt received very little rain; therefore, it was a desert area.
However, rainfall to the south of Egypt in the highlands of east Africa caused the Nile to flood.
The Nile floods were easier to predict than those of the Tigris and Euphrates.
It was important to the Egyptians that the Nile’s flooding was consistent because it provided a bountiful growing season every year, and people knew they could count on a food supply in the future.
Upper Egypt flooded in midsummer
Lower Egypt flooded in fall

5. Civilization Develops Along the Nile
Civilization developed after people began farming along the Nile.
As in Mesopotamia, farmers in Egypt developed an irrigation system.
-built basins to collect water during the yearly floods so they could store it long afterward
The Nile provided early Egyptian farmers with an abundance of food.
Wheat
Barley
Fruits
Vegetables
*raised cattle and sheep
*river provided fish
Hunters trapped wild geese and ducks
Like Mesopotamia, Egyptians enjoyed eating different types of food.

6. Civilization Develops Along the Nile (con’t)
The Nile Valley also offered natural barriers that provided protection and made Egypt hard to invade.
The desert to the west was too big and harsh to cross
To the North, the Mediterranean sea kept many enemies away.
The Red Sea provided protection
Cataracts made it difficult for outsiders to sail in from the south
Because the villages were protected from invaders, they grew.
Wealthy farmers emerged as village leaders
The villages banded together and developed into two kingdoms: Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt