2.  Nano- means “one-billionth” or 10-9.  Nanotechnology involves creating and manipulating materials at the nano scale.  Nanobiotechnology is biotechnology at the nano scale, applications of tools and processes of nanotechnology to study and manipulate biological systems.  Physical properties of a material can be measured without changing the composition of the material, ex: color, density, and boiling temperature.

3.  Chemical properties describe how a substance will interact with other substances, ex: flammability and solubility.  Materials characterization is analyzing the structure and properties of a material.  Bioaccumulation is the buildup of a chemical in the tissue of organisms because they take it in faster than they can get rid of.  Biomagnification is the process in which the concentration of a contaminant increases as it passes up the food chain.

4.  Photolithography is a process to transfer patterns and make layered materials using photosensitive substances and selective light exposure.  Cleanroom is a space designed specifically to keep all airborne particles out.  Characterization is analyzing the structure and properties of the material to understand how the material will work in various applications.

5.  Making new materials with special properties.  Top-down method is starting with existing materials and shape them at the nanoscale.  Bottom-up method is use the natural properties of molecules and their tendency to organize themselves according to their charge and other features.

6.  One concern is the possibility of producing new kinds of particles that were not previously found in nature, with negative biological effects.  Nanoparticles are so small and reactive they may be able to enter and react with cells in ways larger particles would not.  In being manufactured into more consumer products, they may break down and release the nanoparticles. These can then accumulate in the environment and bioaccumulate in organisms.  They could enter various food webs and biomagnify and build up to toxic levels.

7.  This process uses top-down lithography to make tiny, precisely shaped molds, which can be used to make precisely shaped nanoparticles.  This technology will lead to a better understanding of how to use nanoparticles as delivery systems for medications.  Also, to develop new vaccines that are cheaper, safer and more effective.

8.  Careers from technician to research scientist are opening up.  Skills needed are strengths in chemistry, physics, and biology.  Colleges in NC that have these programs are UNC-G, NC A&T, UNC- Charlotte, Forsyth Community College, and NC State.

9.  Abbreviated nm  Red Blood Cell is 6-10,000 nm is diameter.  Ribosome is 30 nm long.  DNA molecule is about 3 nm in width.