1. 1 1 Compilation of Energy Intensity Indicators Prepared for the 6th meeting of the Oslo Group on Energy Statistics Canberra, Australia 2-5 May 2011 Elisabeth Isaksen Division for Energy Statistics Statistics Norway elisabeth.isaksen@ssb.no

2. 2 Link to IRES Chapter in IRES: 11, C Refer to the joint publication by IAEA, UNDESA, IEA, Eurostat and EEA (2005) –Social dimension –Economic dimension –Environmental dimension Countries are encouraged to develop the list of indicators according to their policy concerns and data availability

3. 3 Economic Dimension Sub-themeEnergy indicator 1Overall useEnergy use per capita 2Overall productivityEnergy use per unit of GDP 3Supply efficiencyEfficiency of energy conversion and distribution 4ProductionReserves/Production Resources/Production 5End UseIndustrial energy intensity Agricultural energy intensity Service energy intensity Househould energy intensity Transport energy intensity 6DiversificationFuel shared in energy and electricity Non-carbon energy share in energy and electricity Renewable energy share in energy and electricity 7PricesEnd-use prices by fuel an sector 8SecurityNet energy import dependency Stocks of critical fuels per corresponding fuel comsumption

4. 4 Link to the ESCM Chapter 7 This chapter will provide details on country practice in compilation of various energy indicators including those for sustainable energy development (…)

5. 5 Energy Indicators for Norway The Division for Energy Statistics at Statistics Norway is currently working on a report on energy indicators for Norway from 1990-2009 Focus: Energy intensity and energy efficiency Goal of the report: –Present indicators that show the coherence between energy consumption and economic activity in Norway, and by this indicate if the energy consumption has become more or less efficient.

6. 6 What is an energy indicator Energy use Main drivers behind energy use –GDP/value added (constant prices) –Production value (constant prices) –Population –Passenger and freight transport –Income (households) –Residence and office buildings (heated floor area) Energy intensity indicators –Energy per production value, energy per value added, energy per man-hours, energy per passenger-km etc. Background indicators/Basic Statistics: Published regularly at most statistical offices

7. 7 Why make indicators? Why are indicators useful –Summarize information –Monitor trends Why are energy indicators useful –Link energy use to relevant activity measures –Guide policymaking and strategic decisions –Predict future development in energy use Why is energy efficiency desirable: –Reduce the energy consumption –Reduce emission to air –Reduce energy expenditures –Increase self-sufficiency

8. 8 Energy intensity vs. energy efficiency Energy intensity is not the same as energy efficiency Energy intensity is a measure of how much energy is used compared to a relevant activity measure (for instance GDP). Energy intensity does not automatically say something about how efficient energy is used. The energy intensity of a country depends (among other things) on: –The structure of the economy (industry based, service based) –The climate (heating, cooling) –The landscape (long stretched, compact)  Have to have this in mind when we compare indicators across countries For a country’s economy the change in energy intensity from one period to another can be illustrated as: –∆Energy intensity = ∆structure * ∆efficiency

9. 9 What is a ‘good indicator’? Clear goal –What is the indicator suppose to measure? –Does the indicator measure what it is supposed to measure? –Heterogeneity within a sector/industry/country  need for different indicators or complementary indicators Identify main users –Who will use the indicators? (authorities, the public, agencies) User friendly –Easy to understand –Not too many indicators International comparable –IEA, ODYSEE (EU), ESCM

10. 10 Data sources - overview Energy accounts –Total energy use, energy use for different sectors (SIC), energy use by fuel type Energy balance –Energy use for transport purposes National accounts –GDP in constant prices, Value added in constant prices, Production value in constant prices –Population, Income, households, persons pr households –Man-hours, Full-time equivalent Other data sources –Floor area –Passenger-km travel, tonne-km freight,

11. 11 (1) National Indicators Energy use per production value (constant prices) Energy use per GDP (constant prices) Energy use per capita Energy use per income

12. 12 (1) National Energy Indicators (cont.)

13. 13 (2) Energy indicators by industries Manufacturing Service industry Primary industries Construction Energy producing industries Energy used for transport purposes Households (residential) Energy Accounts (Industries by SIC) Energy Balance/ Surveys

14. 14 Manufacturing Energy use per production value (excl. and incl. energy used as feedstock) Energy use per physical unit produced (excl. and incl. energy used as feedstock)

15. 15 Service sector Energy use per production value in constant prices Energy use per employed Energy use per man-hours Energy use per floor area Challenges: –Combine energy use and floor area (new survey) –Secure comparable aggregates (EA and NA) Improvement –Climate adjusted energy use VariableData source Energy useEnergy accounts Production valueNational accounts EmploymentNational accounts Man-hoursNational accounts Floor area Survey on energy use in buildings in service sector

16. 16 Primary industries & construction Energy use per production value

17. 17 Energy producing industries Energy use (excl. flaring) per production value Energy use (excl. flaring) per physical unit

18. 18 Transport Energy intensity –Energy use per passenger- km –Energy use per tonne-km Challenges –Comparable aggregates. –Split energy into passanger and freight transport vs. weighted index of the two transport measures VariableData source Energy useEnergy Balance Passengem-km Division for transport statistics (survey, calculations,++) Tonn-km Division for transport statistics (survey, calculations,++)

19. 19 Households Energy indicators –Energy use per capita –Energy use per household –Energy use per income/consumption –Energy use per (heated) floor area Other –Appliance ownership –Effect of heat pump Sources: Household survey (Energy accounts) Important things to considerate –Temperature –Prices

20. 20 Energy use - 3 different scenarios

21. 21 Decomposition Analysis Can use a decomposition model to identify –The activity effect –The structure effect –The intensity (efficiency) effect Methods available from different publications –IEA –ODYSEE (EU) –Country practice Useful with a description of the methods in ESCM –Residual term? –Easy & ‘inaccurate’ vs. more complicated and ‘accurate’.?

22. 22 Challenges/improvements Secure comparable aggregates for energy use and activity measures (production value, value added, man-hours, floor area) Lack of good data sources on energy use in buildings –But lot of effort put into this area  A new sample survey  Energy labelling of buildings Climate adjusted energy use Moving average instead of annual numbers –Avoid the problem of one extreme basis year influencing the per cent change for the period as a whole

23. 23 Work being done on energy indicators IEA –Collection of country practice –Database –Publications Eurostat –Publications ODYSSEE – network –Database –Publications

24. 24 Previous presentations on Energy Indicators by Oslo Group Members Energy indicators: Objective, methods and results by Peter Dal, Denmark (Oslo, 2006) –http://og.ssb.no/ogmeetings/firstmeeting/agendafirstmeetinghttp://og.ssb.no/ogmeetings/firstmeeting/agendafirstmeeting Indicators for Sustainable Energy Development in Mexico by Roberto Lopez, Mexico (Oslo 2006) –http://og.ssb.no/ogmeetings/firstmeeting/agendafirstmeetinghttp://og.ssb.no/ogmeetings/firstmeeting/agendafirstmeeting Energy efficiency indicators by Chris Bryant, United Kingdom (Oslo 2006) –http://og.ssb.no/ogmeetings/firstmeeting/agendafirstmeetinghttp://og.ssb.no/ogmeetings/firstmeeting/agendafirstmeeting Monitoring Energy efficiency in Poland by Szymon Peryt, Poland presented (Delhi, India 2007) –http://og.ssb.no/escmmainpage/countrypractises/poland_new_delhi.ppt/file_view?portal_status_m essage=File%20changes%20saved.http://og.ssb.no/escmmainpage/countrypractises/poland_new_delhi.ppt/file_view?portal_status_m essage=File%20changes%20saved Introduction to Energy Efficiency Indicators by Jean-Yves Garnier, IEA (Mexico, 2008) –http://unstats.un.org/unsd/energy/Workshops/mexico2008/Presentations/Session%207%20- %20Energy-Efficiency-Indicators%20IEA.pdfhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/energy/Workshops/mexico2008/Presentations/Session%207%20- %20Energy-Efficiency-Indicators%20IEA.pdf

25. 25 Thank you for your attention For more information about energy statistics in Norway, visit: http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/01/03/10/energi_en/