1. 25th JET Anniversary 20 May 2004 Prof. D.Palumbo“Setting JET on track” Setting JET on Track Prof. Donato Palumbo Honorary General Director Research EURATOM 25th JET Anniversary, Culham 20th May 2004

2. 25th JET Anniversary 20 May 2004 Prof. D.Palumbo“Setting JET on track” Fusion Reaction: D + T  4 He + n D T n, 14.1 MeV 4 He, 3.5 MeV Alpha particle : 20 % of reaction energy ==> CONFINED ==> PLASMA SELF HEATING Neutron : 80 % of reaction energy ==> NOT CONFINED ==> ENERGY OUTPUT and TRITIUM PRODUCTION

3. 25th JET Anniversary 20 May 2004 Prof. D.Palumbo“Setting JET on track” Fusion Reactors Building a fusion reactor is a very challenging task Simple criterion found by Lawson (1955) : n  > 10 20 cm -3 s Instabilities reducing  Nevertheless n  now up to 6 10 19 cm -3 s MAJOR ROLE PLAYED BY JET

4. 25th JET Anniversary 20 May 2004 Prof. D.Palumbo“Setting JET on track” 1958 - International September 1958 “Atoms for Peace” (IAEA, Geneva) Plasma physics is very difficult. Worldwide collaboration needed for progress Fusion technology is very complex. It is almost impossible to build a fusion reactor in this century L.A.ArtsimovichE.Teller

5. 25th JET Anniversary 20 May 2004 Prof. D.Palumbo“Setting JET on track” How to organize collaboration ? Solution ( Palumbo + Waelbroeck ): Fusion Associations First one : CEA Fontenay-aux-Roses Europe: from 1958...

6. 25th JET Anniversary 20 May 2004 Prof. D.Palumbo“Setting JET on track” …to 1986

7. 25th JET Anniversary 20 May 2004 Prof. D.Palumbo“Setting JET on track” First years of EU Fusion Research Programme Various magnetic configurations under study : Mirrors, Z and  -pinches, stellarators Development of Plasma Heating methods Development of Plasma Diagnostics MODEST PROGRESS 1958-1968

8. 25th JET Anniversary 20 May 2004 Prof. D.Palumbo“Setting JET on track” 1968 - A turning point for fusion physics Emergence of the Tokamak IAEA Novosibirsk (August 1968) T3 reaches 1 keV Confirmed by 1969 Culham mission to Moscow

9. 25th JET Anniversary 20 May 2004 Prof. D.Palumbo“Setting JET on track” –before 1968: very little money for fusion in EURATOM –EURATOM faced risks of severe budget cuts because the Organic Liquid Heavy Water Reactor project terminates without success –positive results from T3 inspired a bold attempt: propose a robust fusion programme within EURATOM –Reorientation of fusion programme (Groupe de Liaison ‘69 led by Braams): There is a need for Several small tokamaks One BIG tokamak 1968 - A turning point for fusion physics TOKAMAK appears

10. 25th JET Anniversary 20 May 2004 Prof. D.Palumbo“Setting JET on track” Council is positive about a robust fusion programme FUSION TAKE-OFF IN EARLY 70’s “… a long-term co-operative project embracing all work carried out in the Member States in the field of controlled thermonuclear fusion. It is designed to lead in due course to the joint construction of prototypes with a view to their industrial production and marketing.” The Council’s Decision dated June 21, 1971 provides MORE MONEY FOR FUSION THAN REQUESTED (46.5 MUC instead of 45 MUC for 1971-1975) and, even more importantly, it defines the scope: – Switzerland and Sweden joined EURATOM – Several tokamaks : TFR very succesful (designed by Rebut)

11. 25th JET Anniversary 20 May 2004 Prof. D.Palumbo“Setting JET on track” 1972 : Luc-Enriques JET working group –Define requirements for a large tokamak reaching reactor conditions 1973 : –May : recommendation 3MA tokamak needed –June : Design group in Culham Leader is P.H.Rebut Supervisory board led by R.Toschi. –September : Start of design team in Culham –November : First preliminary report 1975 : Final JET report - Famous R5 1972-1975 The scientific birth of JET ONLY 3 YEARS FROM CONCEPT TO DESIGN

12. 25th JET Anniversary 20 May 2004 Prof. D.Palumbo“Setting JET on track” From the most difficult to the simpliest: 1977 Setting JET on Track Site ? Legal Status ? Cost ? Siting problem solved : Council of Ministers 25 Oct ‘77 (led by Simonet from Belgium) Decision helped by Terrorist raid on Entebbe Legal Status : Joint Undertaking, adopted by the Council just a week earlier Cost is shared : 80% Commission, 10% Host country, 10% Associations 10 Sessions of Council of Ministers to solve JET site discussion 1975-1977 Years of indecisiveness

13. 25th JET Anniversary 20 May 2004 Prof. D.Palumbo“Setting JET on track” 18th May 1979: the foundation stone laid by Dr G Brunner in Culham the duo H.O.Wüster and P.H.Rebut JET built on schedule and in budget 25th June 1983 : first plasma in October JET is the first tokamak in the world reaching 1MA, and makes 3MA by the end of the year – before TFTR(USA) and JT-60 (Japan) 19th April 1984 : Official opening by H.R.M. Queen Elizabeth II 1977-1983 Building JET and Reaching the First 1MA plasmas in JET

14. 25th JET Anniversary 20 May 2004 Prof. D.Palumbo“Setting JET on track” fusion programme has been managed by scientists freedom for the management is of prior importance Position of JET in EFP has been mutually beneficial Quality of Scientific Leader and of staff is essential JET has been universally judged as a big step Conclusive remarks

15. 25th JET Anniversary 20 May 2004 Prof. D.Palumbo“Setting JET on track” For a fast development of fusion power : – A parallel a substantial technology program – Reduce delays as much as possible – Political support – Main responsibility on physicists and engineers DO IT WELL AND FAST JET and ITER 2004 – fusion is a HOPE – energy problems becoming critical 1958 – fusion was a DREAM – energy problems important ITER – facing similar problems as met by JET – Hope for a solution soon – Only one machine : no room for mistakes !