1. 12 Week

2. About 1000 Agriculture – Warming trend – 3 field system – Heavier plows – Results in increased food and increased population Political/Economic – Feudalism- power based on the holding of land Lord gives land/ vassal receives land and gives loyalty & military service King – 1 st among equals – Manoralism – self-sufficient Manor house for lord, serfs live in the village, church, blacksmith, oven/mill, farms, forest

3. Crusades Goal: to re-conquer Holy Lands from the Muslims Personal goals: – Church/Pope – command army, retaliation for break w/Orthodox (wanted to control), Christendom – Knights – salvation, land in the conquered territories – Kings – get rid of nobles – Merchants (Middle Class) – increased trade, more markets, loan money to nobles (get land if default) Results: Pope prestige/power, bad relationship between Catholics, Orthodox & Jewish, Middle Class wins – trade increased

4. Power of the Church Threat of Excommunication – results in lose of power and influence Tithes (taxes) Canon law and court system

5. 1400s Feudalism ends due to increased trade so decreased reliance on manor; bubonic plague results in fewer people, fewer workers, renegotiated living conditions Cities – growing, messy, thriving trade, due to trade networks esta. during crusades with Muslims – – Commercial Revolution – increased trade, banking, wealth for middle class Hundred Years War – 1337-1453 – between France & England. Fr. Wins. Hero – Joan of Arc

6. Renaissance Began about 1450 in N. Italy Means rebirth (of Classical Learning) Crusades re-introduced Classical Learning to Europe Islam influenced the Renaissance Emphasis on learning, Christian humanism N. Italy – wealthy and more contact Islamic world

7. Islamic Achievements Islamic Empire – India to Iberian Peninsula Traded extensively Arabic number system (from India) Innovations – astronomy, math – algebra & trig, astrolabe, surgery, calligraphy

8. Economics Capitalism – Sell what the market demands at a profitable price, produced efficiently Mercantilism – Government policy to export more than import – – Use subsidies & tariffs Adam Smith – Wealth of Nation – Laissez-faire – government keep hands out of economy

9. Colonialism Exploration goal: God, Gold, Glory (all water trade route to Asia) Exploration funding – usually funded by the Crown; England – joint-stock companies (investors) Americas: – Columbian Exchange: plants, animals & diseases exchanged between Americas & Europe – Triangular Trade – trade routes from Europe to Africa to America to Europe – slaves were transported in the Middle Passage

10. Enlightenment, Reforms & Revolutions Enlightened thinkers – logic & reason – Advocated for a government that was equal, fair, protect civil rights – Contributed to end of Absolutism – by Revolutions Revolutions – Hoped to accomplish – new government which protected the people – Reforms: new laws, fair tax structure, citizen army, promotions based on merits, new system of government – Usually results in a new absolute government

11. Industrial Revolution Started 2 nd agriculture Revolution – Mechanization – seed drill, reapers, harvesters, steam engine – Fewer farmers needed, unemployed farm hands move to cities Industrial Revolution – Replaced hand crafted, cottage industries – Increased urbanization, innovations increased

12. Causes of WWI MAIN – Militarism – increase armies and navies Germany increases navy which threated England – Alliances – too much confidence (willing to fight b/c have back-up), escalate quickly – Imperialism – scramble for land, need for resources – Nationalism – proud of their country