1. Articulations and joint movement Chapter 9 *Note that articulations can be classified by: Structure or function

2. According to structure: table 9.1 Based on: Based on: 1. Presence/absence space between bones = _____________________ 1. Presence/absence space between bones = _____________________ 2. Type of CT that binds bones 2. Type of CT that binds bones ____________- bones are held together by fibrous CT rich in collagen fibers; lacks synovial cavity ____________- bones are held together by fibrous CT rich in collagen fibers; lacks synovial cavity _______________- bones held together by cartilage; lack synovial cavity _______________- bones held together by cartilage; lack synovial cavity _______________- have synovial cavity (freely moveable); articular capsule _______________- have synovial cavity (freely moveable); articular capsule

3. According to function: Related to degree of movement permitted: Related to degree of movement permitted: _____________________- syn = together; immovable joint _____________________- syn = together; immovable joint Synchondrosis- cartilage Synchondrosis- cartilage Sutures Sutures Gomphosis Gomphosis ____________________- amphi= on both sides; slightly movable joint ____________________- amphi= on both sides; slightly movable joint Symphysis- growing together Symphysis- growing together Syndesmosis- band or ligament Syndesmosis- band or ligament ___________________- freely movable joint ___________________- freely movable joint all of these are synovial joint all of these are synovial joint variety of shapes to permit several types of movements variety of shapes to permit several types of movements

4. Types of synarthoses: fig 9.1-2 ____________________- thin layer of dense fibrous CT uniting bones of the skull ____________________- thin layer of dense fibrous CT uniting bones of the skull coronal suture- between the frontal and parietal bones. coronal suture- between the frontal and parietal bones. _____________- gompho=bolt or nail; cone-shaped peg fits into socket _____________- gompho=bolt or nail; cone-shaped peg fits into socket teeth teeth _____________- chondro = cartilage; connecting material is hyaline cartilage _____________- chondro = cartilage; connecting material is hyaline cartilage epiphyseal plate (functionally, synarthrosis, but when elongation ceases & bone replaces cartilage, becomes a synostosis = bony joint) epiphyseal plate (functionally, synarthrosis, but when elongation ceases & bone replaces cartilage, becomes a synostosis = bony joint) First rib to manubrium First rib to manubrium

5. Types of fibrous joints

6. Cartilaginous joints: synchondrosis and symphysis

7. Types of amphiarthoses __________- syndesmo=band, ligament; fibrous joint __________- syndesmo=band, ligament; fibrous joint compared to suture these have a greater distance between bones & more fibrous CT compared to suture these have a greater distance between bones & more fibrous CT Fibrous CT is arrange as a bundle = ligament or sheet Fibrous CT is arrange as a bundle = ligament or sheet distal tibiofibular joint - connects tibia and fibula distal tibiofibular joint - connects tibia and fibula ________________- “growing together” ________________- “growing together” ends of articulating bones covered with hyaline cartilage AND ends of articulating bones covered with hyaline cartilage AND bones are connected by a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage: bones are connected by a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage: pubic symphysis pubic symphysis

8. Synovial joints, fig 9.3 _________________ = freely moveable _________________ = freely moveable _________________- reduces friction during movement and helps to absorb shock _________________- reduces friction during movement and helps to absorb shock _________________- sleevelike, surrounds joint, enclosing cavity, unites articulating bones, 2 layers: _________________- sleevelike, surrounds joint, enclosing cavity, unites articulating bones, 2 layers: outer fibrous capsule- dense irreg CT attached to periosteum, permits considerable movement & provides great tensile strength outer fibrous capsule- dense irreg CT attached to periosteum, permits considerable movement & provides great tensile strength fibers in parallel bundles= ligaments fibers in parallel bundles= ligaments inner synovial membrane- areolar CT w/ elastic fibers inner synovial membrane- areolar CT w/ elastic fibers *in many the membrane includes articular fat pads

9. Synovial joints (2) ________________ -secreted by synovial membrane, forms thin film over surfaces within articular capsule. ________________ -secreted by synovial membrane, forms thin film over surfaces within articular capsule. Fluid functions in reducing friction by Fluid functions in reducing friction by lubricating joints lubricating joints supplying nutrients to and removing metabolic wastes from the chondrocytes within articular cartilage supplying nutrients to and removing metabolic wastes from the chondrocytes within articular cartilage Contains ______________ -remove microbes and debris occurring from normal wear and tear. Contains ______________ -remove microbes and debris occurring from normal wear and tear. When joint is immobile: ___________________ When joint is immobile: ___________________ as movement increases fluid less gel like = more liquid… so warm up before exercising! as movement increases fluid less gel like = more liquid… so warm up before exercising!

10. Synovial (diarthrosis) joint

11. Types of synovial joints fig 9.4 Remember they have: Remember they have: Synovial cavity, articular cartilage, articular capsule, synovial fluid, accessory ligaments, articular discs SEE FIGURE 9.3 Synovial cavity, articular cartilage, articular capsule, synovial fluid, accessory ligaments, articular discs SEE FIGURE 9.3 _________joints- articulating surfaces are flat or slightly curved _________joints- articulating surfaces are flat or slightly curved intracarpal joints between carpal bones. intracarpal joints between carpal bones. ________ joints- convex surface on one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone ________ joints- convex surface on one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone elbow elbow ________ joints-rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament ________ joints-rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament atlas rotates around axis atlas rotates around axis

12. ____________ joints- condyl=knuckle; the convex oval shaped projection of one fits into the oval shaped depression of another ____________ joints- condyl=knuckle; the convex oval shaped projection of one fits into the oval shaped depression of another metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5 metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5 ___________ joints- the articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped, the other articular surface fits into the saddle as a rider would sit ___________ joints- the articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped, the other articular surface fits into the saddle as a rider would sit carpometacarpal joint between the trapezium and metacarpal of thumb. carpometacarpal joint between the trapezium and metacarpal of thumb. ________________joints- ball-like surface of one bone fitting into a cuplike depression of another bone ________________joints- ball-like surface of one bone fitting into a cuplike depression of another bone shoulder and hip shoulder and hip

14. Also in some synovial joints: ___________- sac-like structures strategically situated to alleviate friction in some joints ___________- sac-like structures strategically situated to alleviate friction in some joints (such as) shoulder and knee (such as) shoulder and knee filled with _________________located between: filled with _________________located between: skin & bone where skin rubs over bone skin & bone where skin rubs over bone between tendon & bone between tendon & bone ligament & bone ligament & bone muscle & bone muscle & bone

15. Also in some synovial joints (2): ___________________________(fig 9.15) ___________________________(fig 9.15) Fibrocartilage pads between articular surfaces Fibrocartilage pads between articular surfaces Attached to fibrous capsule Attached to fibrous capsule Usually subdivides synovial cavity into 2 spaces Usually subdivides synovial cavity into 2 spaces Permitting separate movements Permitting separate movements Modify shape of joint surfaces allowing bones of different shape to fit more tightly Modify shape of joint surfaces allowing bones of different shape to fit more tightly Maintain stability of joint Maintain stability of joint Direct synovial fluid to areas of greatest friction Direct synovial fluid to areas of greatest friction

16. Origin and insertion ___________ - attachment of muscle tendon to ________________ bone ___________ - attachment of muscle tendon to ________________ bone Attachment at the proximal end Attachment at the proximal end End opposite of insertion End opposite of insertion ___________ - attachment of muscle tendon to _________ bone ___________ - attachment of muscle tendon to _________ bone Attachment to the distal end Attachment to the distal end End opposite of origin End opposite of origin

17. Connective tissue & articulations ____________ - type of CT consisting of chondrocytes in lacunae embedded in: ____________ - type of CT consisting of chondrocytes in lacunae embedded in: dense network of collagen and elastic fibers dense network of collagen and elastic fibers Matrix of chondroitin sulfate Matrix of chondroitin sulfate ______ - white fibrous cord of dense regular CT ______ - white fibrous cord of dense regular CT Attaches muscle to bone Attaches muscle to bone Attaches muscle to muscle (flat sheet =aponeurosis) Attaches muscle to muscle (flat sheet =aponeurosis) __________ - dense regular CT __________ - dense regular CT Attaches bone to bone Attaches bone to bone

18. Body movements fig 9.5-9.9 Flexion-decrease angle between bones Flexion-decrease angle between bones Extension-increase angle between bones Extension-increase angle between bones Hyperextension-extension beyond anatomical position Hyperextension-extension beyond anatomical position Abduction-move bone away from midline Abduction-move bone away from midline Adduction-move bone toward the midline Adduction-move bone toward the midline

19. Body movements fig 9.5-9.9 Rotation-bone revolves around longitudinal axis Rotation-bone revolves around longitudinal axis Circumduction-move distal end of body part in circle Circumduction-move distal end of body part in circle Supination - move so palm is turned anteriorly Supination - move so palm is turned anteriorly Pronation - move so palm is turned posteriorly Pronation - move so palm is turned posteriorly Eversion - movement of soles laterally Eversion - movement of soles laterally Inversion - movement of soles medially Inversion - movement of soles medially

20. Body movements fig 9.5-9.9 Protraction - movement of body part anteriorly Retraction - movement of body part posteriorly Elevation - upward movement Depression - downward movement Dorsiflexion - toe points superiorly, stand on heels Plantar flexion - toe points inferiorly, stand on toes

21. Joint Problems and Disorders ____________ - an acute or chronic inflammation of a bursa; caused by: ____________ - an acute or chronic inflammation of a bursa; caused by: Trauma, infection, or rheumatoid arthritis Trauma, infection, or rheumatoid arthritis Repeated or excessive exertion of a joint, w/ local inflammation and accumulation of fluid. Repeated or excessive exertion of a joint, w/ local inflammation and accumulation of fluid. Symptoms = pain, swelling, tenderness, limited movement Symptoms = pain, swelling, tenderness, limited movement Treatment = oral anti-inflammatory agent, injection of coritsol like steroids Treatment = oral anti-inflammatory agent, injection of coritsol like steroids

22. Joint Problems and Disorders ______- forcible wrenching or twisting of joint ______- forcible wrenching or twisting of joint Stretch or tear ligament Stretch or tear ligament No dislocation of bone No dislocation of bone Caused by ligaments stressed beyond normal capacity Caused by ligaments stressed beyond normal capacity May also damage b.v., muscles, tendon, nerves May also damage b.v., muscles, tendon, nerves Severe: joint cannot be moved due to pain Severe: joint cannot be moved due to pain Swelling due to rupture of b.v. Swelling due to rupture of b.v. ___________- stretched or partial torn muscle ___________- stretched or partial torn muscle Muscle contracts to powerfully or suddenly Muscle contracts to powerfully or suddenly Sprinters accelerating too quickly Sprinters accelerating too quickly

23. Joint Problems and Disorders ___________=luxation - displace of bone from joint ___________=luxation - displace of bone from joint Result = tear ligaments, tendons, and articular capsules Result = tear ligaments, tendons, and articular capsules Caused by blow or fall Caused by blow or fall Subluxation is partial or incomplete dislocation Subluxation is partial or incomplete dislocation ______________ - severe or complete loss of movement at a joint ______________ - severe or complete loss of movement at a joint Results from a disease Results from a disease Lyme disease Lyme disease ___________ - form of rheumatism (painful disorder of supporting structures) in which joints are swollen, stiff and painful ___________ - form of rheumatism (painful disorder of supporting structures) in which joints are swollen, stiff and painful Afflicts 40 million people in US Afflicts 40 million people in US Types: rheumatoid, osteoarthritis, gouty Types: rheumatoid, osteoarthritis, gouty

24. Joint Problems and Disorders (2) _________- production of excessive amounts of uric acid or inability to excrete normal amounts _________- production of excessive amounts of uric acid or inability to excrete normal amounts ____________-waste product of metabolism of nucleic acid (DNA, RNA) subunits, substance that gives urine its name ____________-waste product of metabolism of nucleic acid (DNA, RNA) subunits, substance that gives urine its name uric acid builds up in blood and reacts with sodium to form a salt, crystals of this salt can accumulate in soft tissues such as kidneys, and cartilage of ears and joints uric acid builds up in blood and reacts with sodium to form a salt, crystals of this salt can accumulate in soft tissues such as kidneys, and cartilage of ears and joints In soft tissue of joints= ____________________- inflammation, swelling, pain, In soft tissue of joints= ____________________- inflammation, swelling, pain, if untreated: bones may fuse and become immovable if untreated: bones may fuse and become immovable

25. Joint Problems and Disorders (3) ___________________________ - autoimmune disease of cartilage & joint linings ___________________________ - autoimmune disease of cartilage & joint linings inflammation of the joint causing swelling, pain, loss of function inflammation of the joint causing swelling, pain, loss of function when cartilage destroyed fibrous tissue joins exposed bone ends, ossifies, and fuses the joint so that it becomes immovable when cartilage destroyed fibrous tissue joins exposed bone ends, ossifies, and fuses the joint so that it becomes immovable ___________________- degeneration of articular cartilage such that bony ends touch ___________________- degeneration of articular cartilage such that bony ends touch resulting friction worsens the condition resulting friction worsens the condition usually associated with elderly usually associated with elderly