1. SKELETAL SYSTEM

2. Functions of the Skeletal System Bones are made of OSSEOUS TISSUE Support Protection Movement Blood cell formation (bone marrow) - hematopoeisis Storage of organic and inorganic materials (salt, calcium, potassium, lipids….)

3. ORGANIZATION About 206 bones in the adult body 2 Main Divisions – Axial & Appendicular

4. Axial Skeleton Head, neck, trunk Skull Hyoid Bone Vertebral Column Thoracic Cage (ribs, 12 pairs) Sternum

5. Hyoid Bone The hyoid bone is unique because it is the only bone that is not attached to any other bones.

6. Appendicular Skeleton Limbs & Bones that connect to the o Pectoral Girdle (shoulders) o Pelvic Girdle (hips)

7. BONE STRUCTURE - Long Bone 1.Epiphysis 2.Diaphysis 3.Articular Cartilage 4.Periosteum

8. Inside the Long Bone Medullary Cavity – hollow chamber filled with bone marrow Red Marrow (blood) Yellow Marrow (fat) Endosteum – lining of the medullary

9. Types of Bone Tissue Compact (wall of the diaphysis) Spongy (cancellous, epiphysis) - red marrow

10. Structure of a Long Bone Figure 6.3a-c

11. Review the Structure of a Long Bone Matching quiz at http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/a p/holehaap/student/olc2/chap0 7matching01.html http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/a p/holehaap/student/olc2/chap0 7matching01.html

12. Microscopic Structure MATRIX - where the bone cells live OSTEOCYTES - mature bone cells, enclosed in tiny chambers called LACUNAE OSTEOCYTES form rings (LAMELLAE) around a HAVERSIAN CANAL which houses blood vessels Osteocytes are linked by CANALICULI Haversian Canals are linked by VOLKMAN's CANALS

13. Compact Bone BONE COLORING!

14. Test Yourself Find the... Haversian Canal Volkman's Canal Lamellae Spongy Bone Compact Bone

16. BONE DEVELOPMENT & GROWTH 1.Intramembranous bones – flat, skull 2. Endochondral bones – all other ALL BONES START AS HYALINE CARTILAGE, areas graduallly turn to bone PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (shaft) SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (ends)

17. Bone Development & Growth EPIPHYSEAL DISK (growth plate) is a band of cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis These areas increase bone length as the cells ossify Cartilage becomes OSTEOBLASTS become OSTEOCYTES

18. RESORPTION OSTEOCLASTS - dissolve bone tissue to release minerals, process is called RESORPTION

19. Bone Growth

21. Abnormal Bone Conditions BONE SPURS: abnormal growth. Can occur on any bone (e.g. heel). OSTEOPOROSIS: Increased activity of osteoclasts cause a break down bone, and the subsequent fewer minerals in the extracellular matrix make it fragile. The spongy bone especially becomes more porous. Men get it as well as women. What ’ s the best way to prevent osteoporosis? Exercise! What does exercise do? Makes bones bigger. The most common bone used for a bone graft is the iliac bone of the hip.

22. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease which causes joint stiffness and bone deformity Source: http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/public/article3233439.ece http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/public/article3233439.ece

23. SCOLIOSIS SCOLIOSIS is a lateral curve in the spine

24. KYPHOSIS KYPHOSIS is a hunchback curve

25. LORDOSIS LORDOSIS is a swayback in the lower region.

26. ANKYLOSIS ANKYLOSIS is severe arthritis in the spine and the vertebrae fuse.