7. Fig 8-4 p-341. S 5 =IF flag (interrupt Enable). S 6 =0 always.

8. SSO=during read cycle, it is identifies whether a code or data access is in progress.

54. Types of I/O for 8088/8086 Input/output system allows peripherals to: –Provide data or –Receive results after processing the data. Implemented using I/O ports. Employs two different types of I/O: –Isolated I/O. –Memory mapped I/O. Method differs in how I/O ports are mapped into MPU’s address spaces. Some microcomputer employs both method.

55. Isolated I/O I/O devices treated separately from memory. –Hardware and software architecture of 8088/8086 support separate memory I/O address space. Can be accessed as either byte-wide or word-wide. Can be treated as either independent byte-wide I/O ports or word-wide I/O ports. Page 0: –Certain I/O instructions can only perform operations to ports in this part of the address range. –Other I/O instructions can input/output data for ports anywhere in the address space.

56. Isolated I/O FFFFPort 65 535 I/O address space 00FFPort 255 00FEPort 254............ 0004Port 4 0003Port 3 0002Port 2 0001Port 1 0000Port 0 Port 0 (16 bit port) Port 1 (16 bit port) Page 0

57. Isolated I/O Advantages: –1 MByte memory address space is available for use with memory. –Special instructions have been provided in the instruction set of 8088/8086 to perform isolated I/O input and output operations. These instructions have been tailored to maximize I/O performance. Disadvantages: –All input and output data transfers must take place between AL or AX register and the I/O port.

58. Memory-mapped I/O I/O devices is placed in memory address space of the microcomputer. –The memory address space is assigned to I/O devices. –MPU looks at the I/O port as though it is a storage location in memory. –Make use of instructions that affect data in memory rather than special input/output instructions.

59. Memory-mapped I/O FFFFF : Memory address space : E0FFF :: I/O ports : : E0003 E0002 E0001 E0000 :::::: 00001 00000 Port 4095 : I/O ports : Port 3 Port 2 Port 1 Port 0 I/O addresses Port 0 (16 bit port) Port 1 (16 bit port)

60. Memory-mapped I/O Advantages: –Many more instructions and addressing modes are available to perform I/O operations. –I/O transfers can now take place between I/O port and internal registers other than just AL/AX. Disadvantages: –Memory instructions tend to execute slower than those specifically designed for isolated I/O. –Part of the memory address space is lost.

61. Isolated Input/Output Interface The interface permits 8088/8086 microcomputers to communicate with the outside world. The interface between MPU and I/O is similar to MPU and memory. Input output data transfers also take place over the multiplexed address/data bus. Through this I/O interface, the MPU can input or output data in bit, byte or word (8086) formats.

62. Isolated Input Output Interface :: Minimum-mode Interface Minimum-mode 8088 system I/O interface

63. Isolated Input Output Interface :: Minimum-mode Interface Minimum-mode 8086 system I/O interface

64. Isolated Input Output Interface :: Minimum-mode Interface Example of I/O device: –Keyboard (input). –Printer (output). –Asynchronous serial communications port (input/output). Circuits in the interface section must perform functions such as: –Select I/O port. –Latch output data. –Sample input data. –Synchronize data transfers.

65. Isolated Input Output Interface :: Minimum-mode Interface (8088) Data/Address Lines: –Multiplexed address/data bus. –Only 16 least significant lines used. AD 0 -AD 7 and A 8 -A 15. Control Signals: –Similar to memory interface. Difference between 8088 and 8086. –Complete data bus used for data transfer. AD 0 -AD 15. –M/IO complement of IO/M. –SSO replaced with BHE.

66. Isolated Input Output Interface :: Maximum-mode Interface Maximum-mode 8088 system I/O interfaceMaximum-mode 8086 system I/O interface

67. Isolated Input Output Interface :: Maximum- mode Interface (8088/86) 8288 bus controller produces control signals for the I/O subsystems. Decoded S 2 S 1 S 0 will determine which type of bus cycle is in progress. If code corresponds to: –I/O read bus cycle, 8288 generates IORC. –I/O write bus cycle, then IOWC and AIOWC generated. 8288 also produces ALE, DT/R and DEN control signals. Data and addresses are transferred over AD 0 -AD 7 and A 8 -A 15. 8086 differs from 8088 as follows: –16 bit data bus is the path for data transfers. –Signal BHE is included.

68. Input Output Data Transfers Data transfers: –Byte-wide or word-wide. I/O address used to select the input/output port to be accessed. –I/O address specified as part of the instruction that performs the I/O operation. The addresses: –16 bits in length. –Output over AD 0 (LSb) – AD 7 and A 8 -A 15 (MSb). The most significant address lines A 16 -A 19 = 0 during address period (T 1 ) of all bus cycles. IO/M determines I/O operations. Held at 1 during the complete input/output bus cycles.

69. Input Output Data Transfers Data transfer (8088). –Performed over data bus. –Byte-wide transfers = 1 cycle (D 0 -D 7 ). –Word-wide transfers require two bus cycles. Two consecutive byte-wide data transfers. Data transfer (8086): –The addresses are output on address/data bus lines AD 0 -AD 15. –A 0 and BHE determine whether access at odd- addressed byte-wide port, even-addressed byte-wide port or word-wide port. i.e. A 0 BHE = 10  odd-addressed byte wide I/O port is accessed.

70. Input Output Data Transfers –Even and odd addressed byte transfer require 1 bus cycle. Even-addressed byte transfer  D 0 -D 7. Odd-addressed byte transfer  D 8 -D 15. –Word data transfer can either require one or two bus cycles. Word data transfer performed over D 0 -D 15. One cycle word transfer  I/O port is aligned at even address boundaries. Two cycles word transfer  Misaligned word.

71. Input Output Instructions Isolated I/O mode uses special input and output instructions together with I/O port addressing modes. Can either be direct or variable I/O instructions. –Can be used to transfer byte/word. –All data transfer take place over I/O device and accumulator register (AL/AX). Known as accumulator I/O. –Byte/word wide transfer determined by AL/AX.

72. Input Output Instructions MnemonicMeaningFormatOperation IN Input directIN Acc, Prt(Acc)  (Port) Acc = AL or AX Input indirect (variable) IN Acc, DX(Acc)  ((DX)) OUT Output directOUT Prt, Acc(Port)  (Acc) Output indirect (variable) OUT DX, Acc((DX))  (Acc) Input/output instructions

73. Input Output Instructions :: Direct I/O Instructions Address of the I/O port: –Specified as part of the instruction. 8 bits provided for direct address, thus: –Address range is limited to 00 16 -FF 16. –This range is referred as page 0 in I/O address space. i.e. IN AL, 0FEH –(AL)  (FE 16 ) –Content of address FE to be input to the AL register. –Only one bus cycle.

74. Input Output Instructions :: Direct I/O Instructions Example 2: –Write a sequence of instructions that will output the data 34 16 to a byte-wide output port at address 89 16 of the I/O address space.

75. Input Output Instructions Difference between direct and variable: –The way in which the address of the I/O port is specified. –Direct  8 bit address is specified as part of the instruction. –Variable  use 16 bit address in DX register. (DX) is not an offset but actual address. Variable I/O instructions can access ports located anywhere in the 64 K byte I/O address space. Data/address must be loaded into or removed from AL/AX/DX before another input or output operation can be performed.

76. Input Output Instructions Example 2: –Write a program that will output DA 16 to an output port located at address EA20 16 of the I/O address space. –Data are to be read in from two byte-wide input ports at address AA 16 and BA 16 and then output as a word-wide output port at address B000 16. Write a program to perform this input/output operation.

77. Input Output Bus Cycles Signals (minimum-mode) similar to those involved in memory interface. Function, logic levels and timing of all signals other than IO/M are identical to section 8.11. IO/M changes at logic level, not the timing.

78. Input Bus Cycles :: 8088 T 1 : –IO/M =1 and maintained throughout the cycle. Indicate IO operation. –ALE output together with address. –DEN =0. Signals interface circuitry when to put data onto the bus. 8088 reads data off the bus during period T 3. Input bus cycle of the 8088

79. Output Bus Cycles :: 8088 8088 puts data on the bus late in T 2 and maintains it during the rest of the bus cycle. This time WR = 0. –Signals I/O system that valid data are on the bus. Output bus cycle of the 8088

80. Input Bus Cycles :: 8086 Differences: –BHE output along with address in state T 1. Used with A 0 to select even/odd address byte/word wide port. –Data transfer over 16 bit address/data bus at T 3. –M/IO replaces IO/M. –SSO = none. Refer figure 8-52 & 8-53