1. ROBONICS’ 15 Powered By:

2. An embedded system is some combination of computer hardware and software, either fixed in capability or programmable, that is specifically designed for a particular function. EMBEDDED SYSTEM

3. APPLICATIONS  Aerospace Navigation systems, automatic landing systems, flight attitude controls, engine controls, space exploration (e.g.. The mars pathfinder)

4. APPLICATIONS  Automotive Fuel injection control, passenger environmental controls, anti-locking braking systems, air bag controls, GPS mapping.

5. APPLICATIONS  Communications Satellites, network routers, switches, hubs

6. APPLICATIONS  Medical CT, One touch glucose meter, almost all medical facility.

7. APPLICATIONS  Personal Pagers, cell phones, video games, I-pod, MP3 players

8. APPLICATIONS  Home Dishwashers, microwave ovens, VCR’s, DVD, televisions, stereos, fire/security alarm systems, lawn sprinkler controls, thermostats, digital cameras, clock radios, cell phones

9. Features/Components Central Processing Unit and Software Memory: ROM, RAM, EEPROM, Flash Input: Buttons, knobs, probes, sensors. Output: LCD Display, SSD, Matrix Display

10. MICROCONTROLLER A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uC or MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of NOR flash is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications. What Wikipedia says……

11. Microcontrollers are programmable single chip computers specifically designed to: Read input devices, such as buttons and sensors Process data or information Control devices, such as lights, displays, motors and speakers Have on-chip Peripherals Formal Definition

12. Different Microcontrollers Intel Motorolla Microchip Atmel STMicroelectronics Texas Instruments NXP Toshiba Freecscale

13.  ATmega Atmel Microcontrollers  ATtiny  ATxmega o Atmega 8 o Atmega 16 o Atmega 32 o Atmega 328 o Atmega 644 etc

14. ATMEGA 16 : AN OVERVIEW 8-bit Micro-controller 40-pin DIP 32 Programmable I/O Lines Operating Voltages 2.7 - 5.5V Speed Grades 0 - 8 MHz 16K Bytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory 512 Bytes EEPROM Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and 8- channel, 10-bit ADC Programmable Serial USART Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface I2C interface

15. Pin Diagram

16. Architecture

17. Simplified Diagram

18. Personal Computer Microcontroller uP RAM HDD Clock Ports (Serial/USB) Ports (Parallel) Mic /Headphone Jack (ADC/ DAC) Power Supply Unit (SMPS) Reset Button Mother-board uP SRAM EEPROM & Flash Memory Clock Unit SPI / UART Controllers Digital I/O Ports ADC Power Supply Unit Reset Pin IC

19. MICROCONTROLLER PROGRAMMING Machine Language Programming Assembly Language Programming High Level Language

20. Machine Language Programming Code in binary instructions form that is directly executed by the device.

21. Assembly Language Programming Assembler Code using keywords that are easy to understand, use a software to convert keywords into binary instructions.

22. High Level Programming Compiler & Linker OS Code in symbolic form, use a software to break symbolic instructions into actual instructions of uC

23. We will use the High Level programming language for driving and exploiting the capabilities of our microcontroller.

24. WinAVR Cross-Compiler & linker PC / Laptop Target System (Atmega R&D Board) OUR PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT

25. PORT PROGRAMMIMG Normal C program int x; float y; x= 10; y= 8.97; Program for Ports DDRA = 0b11111111 or 0xFF // o/p DDRC = 0b11111111 or 0xFF // o/p PORTA = 27; // decimal PORTC= 0b11010110; // binary DDRx defines whether the port will act as input port or o/p port. Just as ‘int’ declares a variable as integer type. It does not assign any value to it. PORTx assigns the value to be output. If DDRx=0 i.e port is defined as input port, PORTx will store the value but will not o/p it.

26. More Examples PORTA=0x5A ; PORTA=0b01011010; PORTA=5; DDRA=0xFF; DDRA=0b11110000; // pins A7-A4 as o/p & A3-A0 as i/p You can even address individual pins of any Port DDRA.3= 1 ; // Only Pin 3 of Port A (A4) is configured as o/p pin, rest untouched PORTA.0=1; // pin 0 of Port A outputs 1, rest retain there previous values

27. Taking Input To take Digital i/p from external world first configure the port as i/p port using DDRx=0 Use PINx to read the digital value. x = PINA // read 8 bit integer value from Port A. 0 < x < 255 y= PINB x, y must be defined as unsigned integers in ur C program. Individual pins can be read in the same way. x= PINA.2 // as the individual pins are read n the value is digital, therefore x can either be 0 or 1 y= PINC.6

28. CHOCOLATE QUESTION Write a program to o/p 33 (hex) on PortD and read pins 2 and 7 of Port A

29. #include void main( ) { unsigned int x,y; DDRD=0xFF; // all pins o/p DDRA=0b01111011; // pin 7 & 2 i/p rest immaterial PORTD=0x33; x=PINA.2; y=PINA.7; } Solution

30. Creating the programming environment in WinAVR

31.  Create a folder ‘Demo’ on desktop

32.  Go to start Menu. Select WinAVR and click on Mfile

33.  Mfile window will appear  Go to ‘File’ and click on ‘Save As’

34.  Save the mfile in the folder ‘Demo’ created on desktop. Name of the file should be ‘Makefile’.

35.  Go to start Menu again. Select WinAVR and click on ‘Programmers notepad ‘

36.  Programmers notepad window will appear

37.  Go to File menu and click on ‘Save As’.

38.  Save the file naming it as ‘main.c’ in the Demo folder created on desktop.

39.  Go to ‘Programmers Notepad’ again and click on ‘Open’

40.  Select the ‘Makefile’ and open it.

41.  We have to make certain changes in the Makefile.  MCU= atmega16

42.  We have to make certain changes in the Makefile.  F_CPU=8000000  TARGET= main

43.  We have to make certain changes in the Makefile.  AVRDUDE_PROGRAMMER = usbasp  AVRDUDE_PORT =usb001

44.  Include the basic header files and create the main function.

45.  Go to ‘Tools’ menu and click on ‘Make All’. Check if there is any error or not at output window

46.  Go to ‘Tools’ menu and click on ‘Program’ in order to burn your code in the microcontroller

47. RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT (R&D) BOARDS R & D Boards are used for the rapid prototyping of the Embedded Systems

48. Serial Port ADC Port LCD Port +5V GND Motor Port Motor Driver Supply IC 7805 Reset Button

49. LCD Port ADC Port Motor Port Power Button IC 7805 Reset Button Adapter Buzzer

50. LED BLINKING HELLO! TO EMBEDDED WORLD

51. + - GND + V Longer leg is positive Terminal Light Emitting Diode A light emitting diode is essentially a PN junction that emits a monochromatic light when operated in forward bias

52. LED connection to Atmega

53. A program to make a blinking pattern #include void main( ) { DDRB=0xFF; // all pins o/p While (1) { PORTB=0xFF; // all LEDs ON delay_ms(500); PORTB=0x00; // all LEDs OFF delay_ms(500); } Complete Code!!

54. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits.

55. PIN DIAGRAM

56. PIN DESCRIPTION

57. Two modes are there in LCD. 8 BIT MODE: In this mode of operation of LCD, data flows on 8 bit data bus. 4BIT MODE: In this mode of operation of LCD, data flows on 4 bit data bus. MODES OF LCD

58. LCD DEMO PRINT YOUR NAME ON LCD!!

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