1. COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE (P175B125)
Assoc.Prof. Stasys Maciulevičius
Computer Dept.

2. Peripheral equipment
Peripheral equipment is electronic equipment that can be plugged into a computer using one of its input/output interfaces (serial port, parallel port, USB bus, FireWire bus, SCSI interface, etc.), most often by using a connector
Periphery equipment is therefore external computer components
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3. Peripheral equipment
Peripheral equipment is generally grouped into the following categories:
storage equipment: input/output equipment that can permanently store data (hard disk, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, etc.);
display equipment: output equipment that provides a visual representation to the user, such as a monitor;
capture equipment: allows the computer to receive specific data such as video data or scanner;
input equipment: equipment only capable of sending information to a computer, for example pointing devices (mouse) or the keyoard.
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4. External memory As long-term storage in computers are used:
hard disk drives (HD)
flash memory
SSD
CD-ROM, CDs (optical compact discs)
DVDs
floppy disks (outdated)
strimmers.
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5. Compact Discs
The Compact Disc was invented by Sony and Philips in 1981 in order to serve as a high-quality compact audio storage device which allowed for direct access to digital sound tracks
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6. CD geometry
A CD is an optical disc 12cm in diameter and 1.2 mm thick (its thickness may vary from 1.1 to 1.5 mm) for storing digital information: up to 650 MB of computer data (equivalent to 300,000 typed pages) or 74 minutes of audio data
A circular hole 15mm in diameter is used to centre it on the CD player's surface.
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7. Operation
The read head is made of a laser which emits a beam of light, and a photoelectric cell which captures the reflected beam
CD players use an infrared laser (with a wavelength of 780 nm), as it is compact and inexpensive
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8. Operating modes CD has two basic operating modes:
Reading at a constant linear velocity (CLV). This was the operating mode of the earliest CD-ROM drives, based on how CD audio players and even old turntables work. When a disc turns, the grooves closer to the centre run more slowly than the grooves on the outer edge, so the read speed (and therefore the speed at which the disc rotates) has to adjust based on the radial position of the read head
Reading at a constant angular velocity (CAV) involves adjusting the information density depending on where the data is located, so that the rotation speed is the same at every point on the disc. This means that data density will be lower on the edge of the disc and higher near the centre
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9. CD standards
There are numerous standards describing the ways in which information must be stored on a compact disc, depending on how it is to be used
These standards are set out in documents called books, each of which has a colour assigned to it
Red book: Developed in 1980 by Sony and Philips, it describes the physical format of a CD and the encoding method for an audio CD. It defines a sample rate of 44.1 kHz and 16-bit resolution (in stereo) for recording audio data
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10. CD standards
Yellow book: Developed in 1984 in order to describe the physical format for data CDs (CD-ROM for Compact Disc - Read Only Memory). It includes two modes:
CD-ROM Mode 1, used for storing data with error-correction (called ECC, for Error Correction Code) in order to avoid losing data due to degradation of the disc.
CD-ROM Mode 2, used for storing compressed graphical, video, and audio data. To be able to read this type of CD-ROM, a drive must be Mode 2 compatibe
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11. CD standards Four more standards:
Green book: Physical specifications for a CD-I (CD Interactive, by Philips)
Orange book: Physical format for writable CDs. It is divided into three sections:
Part I: The CD-MO format (magneto-optical disks)
Part II: The CD-WO format (Write Once, now called CD-R)
Part III: The CD-RW format (CD Rewritable)
White book: Physical format for video CDS (VCD)
Blue book: Physical format for "Extra" CDs (CD-X
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12. CD-ROM format
A CD-ROM sector contains 2352 bytes, divided into byte frames
Layout Type
← 2,352 bytes block →
CD Digital Audio:
2352 bytes of Digital Audio
CD-ROM (MODE1): 12 4
2048 bytes of user data 8
276
CD-ROM (MODE2):
2336 bytes of user data
Sync Sector ID Error detection blank/null Error detection
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13. Data Transfer Speeds
CD-ROM drives are rated with a speed factor relative to music CDs (1x or 1-speed which gives a data transfer rate of 150 KiB per second). 12x drives were common in April 1997
Above 12x speed, there are problems with vibration and heat
Constant angular velocity (CAV) drives give speeds up to 20x but due to the nature of CAV the actual throughput increase over 12x is less than 20/12
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14. Data Transfer Speeds Transfer Speed KiB/s Mbit/s 1x 150 1.2288 2x 300
2.4576 4x
600
4.9152 8x
1200
9.8304
10x
1500
12x
1800
20x
3000
32x
4800
Transfer Speed
KiB/s
Mbit/s
36x
5400
40x
6000
48x
7200
50x
7500
52x
7800
56x
8400
72x
10800
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15. CD capacity
Type
Sectors
Data max size
Audio max size
Time
(MB)
(MiB) (approx)
(min)
8 cm
94,500 21
283,500 63
650 MB
333,000 74
700 MB
360,000 80
800 MB
405,000 90
900 MB
445,500 1, 99
Note: 90 and 99 minute discs are not standard
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16. CD-ROM and DVD
The DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) is an "alternative" to the CD with six times as much storage space (for the lowest-capacity kind of DVD — single-layer, single-sided
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17. DVD
The DVD format was originally supported by a consortium of ten multimedia companies
DVD was originally used as an initialism for the unofficial term digital videodisk. It was reported in 1995, at the time of the specification finalization, that the letters officially stood for Digital Versatile Disc (due to nonvideo applications)
The main reason to use DVDs is their storage capacity, which makes them an excellent medium for video. A 4.7 GB DVD can store more than two hours of compressed video in MPEG-2, a format used for compressing images while still keeping them high-quality
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18. DVD
A DVD can easily be confused with a CD, as both are plastic discs 12 cm in diameter and 1.2 mm thick, which are read using a laser beam
However, CDs use an infrared laser with a wavelength of 780 nanometres (nm), while DVD burners use a red laser with a wavelength of 635 nm or 650 nm
What's more, CD players generally use a lens with a focus of 0.5, while the lenses of DVD players have a focus of 0.6
For this reason, DVDs have grooves whose minimum height is 0.4µ with a pitch of 0.74µ, as opposed to 0.834µ and 1.6µ for a CD
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19. DVD DVD can be of foowing types:
DVD-ROM (read-only, recorded during fabrication)
DVD-R/RW (DVDs in DVD-R format can only be recorded once, while DVD-RWs can be rewritten up to about 1000 times )
DVD+R/RW (supported by Sony and Philips within the DVD+RW Alliance)
DVD-RAM (This format is mainly used in Japan)
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20. DVD speeds
DVD drive speeds are measured with a multiplier. For example, 1x DVD transfers data at about 1.3 MB/Sec
A 4x drive could transfer data at four times that speed or about 5.2 MB/Sec. Compare this to the 0.15 MB/sec data transfer for a 1x CD-RW and you’ll see DVD drives are much faster. Almost ten times faster
All DVD videos play at 1x speed
Writing speeds for DVD were 1×, that is, 1350 kB/s, in the first drives and media models. More recent models, at 18× or 20×, have 18 or 20 times that speed
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21. DVD types Type Characteristics Storage capacity
Equiv. in music (h.:min.)
Equiv. in number of CDs CD
650 MB
1:14 1
DVD-5
single-sided, single layer
4.7 GB
9:30 7
DVD-9
single-sided, dual layer
8.5 GB
17:30 13
DVD-10
double-sided, single layer
9.4 GB
19:00 14
DVD-17
double-sided, dual layer
18 GB
35:00 26
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22. DVD types Single-sided (DVD-5) Double-sided (DVD-10) 2013
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23. DVD types Single-sided dual layer (DVD-9) DVD-5 DVD-5 DVD-5 DVD-5
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24. New DVD types Traditional DVDs are already exhaust its possibilities
Looking for opportunities to increase the capacity of DVD discs that they fit the higher resolution videos, two new technologies were created:
HD DVD (High Definition DVD) – modification of traditional DVDs, when the data are at the same level, as well as in DVDs, but the blue laser is used to ensure a higher recording density: 15 GB / layer instead of 4.7 GB
Blu-ray DVD (BD) – fairly thin protective layer (0.1 mm instead of 0.6 mm), so recording layer is closer to the surface layer, wich less diffuses laser beam; this enables to reduce the size of pits and to rise layer capacity GB, 25 GB or 27 GB
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25. HD DVD
HD-DVD has been supported on the hardware side by NEC, Sanyo, Samsung, Thomson (both also supported Blu-ray), and Toshiba
On the software side, HD-DVD has been supported by BCI, Dreamworks, Paramount Pictures, Studio Canal, and Universal Pictures, and Warner (only until May at which time it will be Blu-ray exclusive). Microsoft had also lent its support to HD-DVD, but no longer, as Toshiba has ended HD-DVD support
HD-DVD is now officially discontinued (one of reasons - lower capacity comparing to Bue-ray)
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26. Blue-ray DVD
Blu-ray Disc was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association, a group representing makers of consumer electronics, computer hardware, and motion pictures
While a standard DVD uses a 650 nanometer red laser, Blu-ray uses a shorter wavelength, a 405 nm blue-violet laser, and allows for almost six times more data storage than a DVD
The Blu-ray Disc physical specifications were completed in 2004
The first mass-market Blu-ray Disc rewritable drive for the PC was the BWU-100A, released by Sony on July 18, It recorded both single- and dual-layer discs and had a suggested retail price of US $699
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27. Compare CD, DVD and Blue-ray
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28. Blue-ray DVD General Specifications:
Storage Capacity - Pre-recorded Playback Material (BD-ROM): Single-layer (25GB) - Dual-layer (50GB)
Storage Capacity: Home Recording (BD-R/BD-RE): Single-layer (25GB) - Dual-layer (50GB)
Data Transfer Rate: 36 to 48 MBPS (Megabits per Second) average - capable of up to 54 MPS
Network Capability: Although the Blu-ray format supports networking and internet capabilities, built-in networking and Ethernet ports on individual Blu-ray Disc Players is optional
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29. Write time for Blu-ray Disc (minutes)
Blue-ray DVD
Drive speed
Data rate
Write time for Blu-ray Disc (minutes)
Mbit/s
MB/s
Single-Layer
Dual-Layer 1× 36
4.5 90
180 2× 72 9 45 4×
144 18 23 6×
216 27 15 30 8×
288 12
432 54 8
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30. Comparative parametersCD
DVD
Blu-ray
HD-DVD
Singe- or doube-sided 1
1 or 2
Layers
Capacity (GB)
0,68
4,7/9,4
25/50
15/30
Protective layer (mm)
1,20
0,60
0,10
Distance betw. tracks (μm)
1,60
0,74
0,32
0,40
Minimal length of pit (μm)
0,83
0,41
0,149
0,204
Laser wavelength (nm)
780
650
405
Linear speed (m/s)
1,30
3,49
7,36
5,60
Transfer speed, Mb/s
N/D
11,1 54 36
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31. Improving Blue-ray DVD
Although the Blu-ray Disc specification has been finalized, engineers continue to work on advancing the technology
Quad-layer (100 GB) discs have been demonstrated on a drive with modified optics (TDK version) and standard unaltered optics ("Hitachi used a standard drive")
Hitachi stated that such a disc could be used to store 7 hours of 32 Mbit/s video (HDTV) or 3.5 hours of 64 Mbit/s video (Cinema 4K)
In 2006, TDK announced that they have created a working experimental Blu-ray Disc capable of holding 200 GB of data on a single side, using six 33 GB data layers
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32. Improving Blue-ray DVD
In December 2008, Pioneer Corporation unveiled a 400 GB Blu-ray Disc (containing 16 data layers, 25 GB each) that will be compatible with current players after a firmware update
Its planned launch is in the 2009–10 time frame for ROM and 2010–13 for rewritable discs
Ongoing development is under way to create a 1 TB Blu-ray Disc as soon as 2013
The Mini Blu-ray Disc (also, Mini-BD and Mini Blu-ray) is a compact 8 cm-diameter variant of the Blu-ray Disc that can store approximately 7.5 GB of data
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33. Holographic Versatile Disc
The Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD) is an optical disc technology that, in the future, may hold up to 6TB of information, although the current maximum is 500GB
It employs a technique known as collinear holography, whereby two green laser beams are collimated in a single beam
The structure of the disc places a thick recording layer between two substrates and incorporates a dichroic mirror that reflects the blue-green light carrying the holography data but allows the red light to pass through in order to gather servo information
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34. Holographic Versatile Disc
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35. HVD vs DVD Blu-ray HD-DVD HVD Initial cost for recordable disc ~ $18
~ $10
~ $120
Initial cost for recorder/player
~ $2,000
~ $3,000
Initial storage capacity
54 GB
30 GB
300 GB
Read/write speed
36.5 Mbps
1 Gbps
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36. AO-DVD
Iomega Corporation got two highly notable patents for its work with nano-technology and optical data storage, and external storage media
New technologies could potentially allow times more data to be stored on a DVD with data transfer rates 5-30 times faster than today's DVDs, and at similarly low costs
An articulated optical-digital versatile disc (AO-DVD) potentially can store up to 850GB. This is 200x the amount that can be fitted onto a single layer DVD. Data rates are good too claiming to be nearly 30 times faster than today’s DVDs
2013
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