1. Drill, physical training & Physical Education in state schools
Historical Studies

2. PE State in Schools – Why Change?
1933
1902: Model Course
1970 – 1980’s: National Curriculum
1950:
Moving & Growing

3. The Model Course 1902 Learning Objectives;
Understand the objectives, content and methodology of the Model Course.
Know the reasons for change from this course.

4. Boer War – 1899 – 1902
First World War – 1914 – 18
Second World War –

5. What we are interested in . . .
Objectives – aims or intentions of a lesson/syllabus, e.g. Physical or military fitness
Content - The subject matter or activities taught in the lesson, e.g. Weapons drills or games skills
Methodology – The teaching style used for delivery, e.g. Command or problem solving

6. For each stage:
WHAT
WHO
WHEN
WHERE
WHY
HOW

7. 1900

8. 1933

9. 1950

10. 1970

11. 1980

12. Possible Reasons for Change:
Educational philosophy
Idealism & accountability of teachers
Standards of living
Social class system
Provision
Teacher training
WAR
Health standards
National curriculum

13. 1902 Model Course Background
40–60% of men presenting for service were physically unfit to fight.
This was the first time in which the government was forced to take notice of how unhealthy the British population was.
Rejected 380 out of each 1000 recruits

14. Humiliation of the British Army
Following the humiliation of the British Army by a small group of Dutch settlers in the Boer War the Generals and Politicians decided to blame:
The Board of Education (now called the DFES) and the War Office devised a new programme of PE called the Model Course of Physical Training.
Lack of Fitness of the soldiers.
Swedish Drill being taught in schools.

15. Colonel Fox A long-serving army officer.
His regime involved basic military drill.
It was heavily criticised for treating children like soldiers.

18. End of 19th Century Background
Board Schools – FORSTER EDUCATION ACT 1870
Previously parish responsibility
5 – 10 school compulsory
1899 raised to 12
Progress in terms of provision
Restricted space, no playing facilities

19. Influences European Gymnastics; SWEEDISH & GERMAN
Board schools built to look like churches; no playing fields
Lack of equipment; Staves (dummy weapons)

21. German Gymnastics

22. German Gym

24. OBJECTIVES CONTENT METHODOLOGY
Fitness for army recruits
Discipline
Give working class opportunity / public schools
1870 military 1890 Swedish games alternative
Authoritarian/command
Taught by army non-commissioned officers 1870’s
Taught by qualified class teachers in 1890’s
CONTENT
METHODOLOGY

25. 1902 Model Course Background
Military needs greater than educational
Therapeutic approach abandoned
Girls and boys together
No change for age or gender
Treated as soldiers
NCO’s teachers
Dull/reptitive – CHEAP
Large numbers in a small space
Poor diet, bad housing, and other social deprivation
Lowered status of subject

26. Using background information can you come up with 1902:
OBJECTIVES
CONTENT
METHODOLOGY

27. Objectives Improve fitness for working class (for military service)
Training in handling of weapons
Discipline
Preparation for employment/ armed forces.

28. Content
Military Drill
Exercises
Weapon Training
Deep Breathing

29. Methodology
Command-response (for example, ‘Attention’, ‘Stand at Ease’, ‘Marching, about turn’)
Group response/no individuality
In ranks
Commands issued by NCO’s
(Non commissioned Officers)

31. 1919 syllabus Just after the WW1. No public school generation.
Lack of fitness was blamed on the working class.
However Dr George Newman said that the lessons were not to blame and that they were ‘remedial exercises and morale-boosting recreational activities’.

32. Homework
Research and come to next lesson with a brief outline of the ‘Wall Street Crash’
Can you discover any other significant events, happenings, people from 1930’s

33. 1930’s Background Depression – working class unemployed (NO benefits)
‘Syllabus of Physical Training’ – age differentiated +11
Dr George Newman Taylor
Emphasis on skill and posture. A detailed respected syllabus
Newman stated that good nourishment, hygiene and physical training was required for normal healthy development.

34. The 1933 syllabus- playground games.

35. Using background information can you come up with 1933:
OBJECTIVES
CONTENT
METHODOLOGY

36. Objectives Therapeutic effect Correction of posture faults and defects
Improvement to the circulatory system
Educational – develop alertness and decision making

37. Content
Athletics, gym and games skills were a feature along with group work
Group work was a central part of the lessons

38. Methodology Some decentralised parts to lesson
Teacher using an instructional style of teaching. Children doing the SAME tasks in unison.
Some decentralised parts to lesson
More teacher – pupil interaction.
5 x 20 min lessons per week
Decentralised:
Teacher using a guided style of teaching. Children working at their OWN pace and answering in OWN style.