1. Diversity and human sociality - survey research - Ferry Koster EUR/UvA/LEI www.ferrykoster.nl

2. Survey research Research questions Is solidarity affected by ageing and migration? What factors hinder or strengthen solidarity? Solidarity Formal or informal; voluntary of obligatory; ……. Human sociality Conditions for solidarity Effects of ageing and migration Similarities (distance) and differences (motives) Levels of analysis Individual (micro); networks and social structures (meso); institutions (macro) Today: focus on migration National and occupational composition (Burgoon, Koster and Van Egmond, 2012) National and regional composition (Koster, 2012) Data en methods

3. Migration and sociality Effects of diversity Economic threat Cultural conflict Social distance Different kinds of sociality Interpersonal trust Institutional trust Government redistribution Contrasting effects

4. Migration and sociality Prior studies National (comparative) National en individual (comparative) Regional and individual (single country) Related studies Compensation hypothesis Contact/conflict/constrict hypothesis Research focus Level of analysis: comparing national and meso level Different kinds of diversity Different dependent variables Different mechanisms

5. Overview of the studies Study #1 Burgoon, Koster & Van Egmond (2012) Study #2 Koster (2012) Data sources Social context Macro level Meso level Dependent variables Data

6. Overview of the studies Study #1 Burgoon, Koster & Van Egmond (2012) Study #2 Koster (2012) Data sourcesEuropean Social Survey 1-4 Social context Macro level% foreign born in country Meso level% foreign born in occupation Dependent variables Support for government redistribution Data >90,000 individuals in 17 countries (OECD)

7. Overview of the studies Study #1 Burgoon, Koster & Van Egmond (2012) Study #2 Koster (2012) Data sourcesEuropean Social Survey 1-4 Social context Macro level% foreign born in countryFractionalization Meso level% foreign born in occupation Diversity in origin, language and religion Dependent variables Support for government redistribution Interpersonal trust, institutional trust, and support for government redistribution Data >90,000 individuals in 17 countries (OECD) >160,000 individuals in 123 regions in 30 countries

8. Study #1 Government redistribution Unemployment risk Poverty riskSatisfaction with economy Foreign born in occupation Foreign born in country

9. Study #1 Government redistribution Unemployment risk Poverty riskSatisfaction with economy Foreign born in occupation 0.32** Foreign born in country 0.35

10. Study #1 Government redistribution Unemployment risk Poverty riskSatisfaction with economy Foreign born in occupation 0.32**0.87**0.56**-1.38** Foreign born in country 0.35

11. Study #1 More support for government redistribution in more diverse occupations Effects of risks (economic threat)

12. Study #2 Measuring heterogeneity ESS items Country of origin: In which country were you born? (diversity in origin) Language: What language or languages do you speak most often at home? (linguistic diversity) Religion: Do you consider yourself as belonging to any particular religion or denomination?, If yes, which one? (religious diversity)

13. Study #2 Ethnic fractionalization Linguistic fractionalization Religious fractionalization Diversity in origin Linguistic diversity Religious diversity

14. Study #2 Ethnic fractionalization Linguistic fractionalization Religious fractionalization Diversity in origin 0.4550.6280.053 Linguistic diversity 0.8210.8180.160 Religious diversity 0.4140.5060.695

15. Study #2 Ethnic fractionalization Linguistic fractionalization Religious fractionalization Diversity in origin 0.4550.6280.053 Linguistic diversity 0.8210.8180.160 Religious diversity 0.4140.5060.695

16. Study #2 Interpersonal trustInstitutional trust Government redistribution Diversity in origin Linguistic diversity Religious diversity

17. Study #2 Interpersonal trustInstitutional trust Government redistribution Diversity in origin-0.30 Linguistic diversity-0.17 Religious diversity0.32

18. Study #2 Interpersonal trustInstitutional trust Government redistribution Diversity in origin-0.300.81* Linguistic diversity-0.170.93** Religious diversity0.320.31

19. Study #2 Interpersonal trustInstitutional trust Government redistribution Diversity in origin-0.300.81*-0.93** Linguistic diversity-0.170.93**-0.22 Religious diversity0.320.31-0.46**

20. Study #2 More institutional trust in more diverse regions Less support for government redistribution in more diverse regions Social distance?

21. Conclusion Role of meso level, beyond macro and micro level Measuring social structures using survey data Different mechanisms Contrasting results Extending and comparing with ageing

22. Thank you