1. European Middle Ages

2. Divided Empire around300 C.E.

4. Byzantine Empire

5. Emperor Justinian = Last hope for Roman Empire

8. C

12. European Middle Ages I.Clear Trends A.500-1000 = political decentralization and backwardness B.Emerged from ruins of Roman Empire C.Similar to Japan and Africa in political development 1. Fragmented, kingdom-based rule

13. European Middle Ages D. Decline of Urban Areas – Why? 1. Impact of Vikings, Magyar & Muslim invasions a. Disrupted development b. Protection was valued c. Gave rise to feudalism and the Manorial system

14. The Vikings “Terror from the North”

17. Viking Expansion

18. European Middle Ages D. Decline of Urban Areas – Why? 2. Disease/plagues – people avoided population centers

19. European Middle Ages D. Decline of Urban Areas – Why? 3. Decline of ag. prod. a. Over cultivation b. Lack of organized labor force c. Little Ice Age! - Reduced temps. - Disrupted/dramatic weather patterns

20. European Middle Ages II. Byzantine Empire – 476 - 1453 A.Remaining Roman Empire B.Combined trad. sources of power & legitimacy w/innovation 1. Traditional = patriarchy, religion, land-owning elites 2.Innovations a.New methods of taxation b.tributary systems c.Adaptation of religious institution d.Codified legal system– Justinian’s Code

22. European Middle Ages III. Labor in the Middle Ages A.Feudal system emerges – 2 main labor sources 1.Coerced labor – bound in servitude as property a.Serfs and slaves 2. Free peasants = paid rent or labor services to lord B.Rise of Craftsman Guilds 1.Guild – association of artisans or merchants who control the practice of their craft in a particular town. 2.Masons, carpenters, carvers etc.

23. European Middle Ages III. Labor in the Middle Ages A.Feudal system emerges – 2 main labor sources 1.Coerced labor – bound in servitude as property a.Serfs and slaves 2. Free peasants = paid rent or labor services to lord B.Rise of Craftsman Guilds 1.Guild – association of artisans or merchants who control the practice of their craft in a particular town. 2.Masons, carpenters, carvers etc.

24. The rise of worker’s guilds

26. The Lollipop Guild

28. Viking reading organizer headings: Reasons Methods Characteristics Long-Term Impacts

29. Critical Intro. Write a comprehensive, analytical thesis describing the impact of the horse harness.

30. Critical Intro. What was the most significant impact of the Crusades? Explain.

31. IV. European Revival – 800-1300 – Why? 1.End of invasions a.Need for feudal protection decreases 2.Increased temps. a.Increased farm production b.Increased pop. = urban growth c.Revival of Cities! 3.Increased commerce/trade a.Trade increases -Hanseatic League -Baltic to Black Sea trade -Med. Sea trade -Trans-European trade b. Negative = Black Death spread along trade routes

32. Hanseatic League

34. 4. Intellectual Movements a.Increased interest in learning from past & present societies b.Rise of universities c.Synthesis of faith and reason Thomas Aquinas– high point of scholasticism’ Summas Sought to reconcile faith & reason 5. Emergence of concept = Europe as single civilization a. Joined by common heritage and Christian rel.

35. II. Feudalism and Manor System A.Origins of feudalism 1.Inability to create centralized rule 2.Need for protection and localized control 3.Based on reciprocal economic obligations B.Timeline of Feudalism 1.800 – feudalism expands to cover wider area 2.900 – Regional lords evolve into Feudal monarchs 3.1066 – William conquers England = feudalism + central gov’t 4.1200 – origins of limited and rep. gov’t

36. V. Medieval Church A.Most stable institution of Middle Ages 1.Main source of intellectual activity 2.Gave rise to universities 3.Synthesis of “faith and reason” Why a new emphasis on “faith and reason”?

37. B. Catholic Church – Limited centralized power 1.Weakened power of feudal kings 2.Means of authority = a.Canon Law – rules of behavior set by church b.Excommunication – separated from church c.Interdict – Excomm. all in a ruler’s realm

38. IV. High Middle Ages – 1000 – 1500 A.New Ag. Techniques 1.Moldboard plow + 3-field system + horse collar = Pop. Increase 2.Demand for trade; & towns grew

39. C. Impacts 1.As pol. power increased; friction between Kings and Popes 2.Other limiting factor to cent. power = Indep. enjoyed by nobility 3.Holy Roman Empire demonstrates power of church a.German confederation crowned by Pope

40. V. Kings Gain Power during High Middle Ages A.Increasing land through wars and marriage B.Extended power through greater wealth 1.Enabled monarchs to hire soldiers and officials 2.Reduced dependence on vassals

41. VI. Steps to Centralized Government A.Rise of Limited Gov’t (limits on power of king) based on = 1.Magna Carta (1215) – Eng. doc. signed by King John guaranteeing rights of nobility 2.Parliaments (Eng. 1295)– gave nobility & clergy a voice 3.Hundred Years War (1337-1453) – Solidified nationhood of Eng. & Fr.

42. VII. Impact of Crusades (1095-1291) A.Technological & Cultural Exchange 1.From Muslim world to Europe a.Monetization methods b.Scientific, numeric concepts B.Long-Term Impacts = Contact between civs. 1.Made Europeans aware of goods, riches & markets 2.Increased demand, consumption, & production 3.Religious tension between: a.Christians and Muslims b.Christians and Jews

44. C. Two Italian Cities Emerge as Economic Leaders 1.Venice & Genoa – benefitted from transporting knights & trade goods 2.Become economic powerhouses! a.Lead banking and Renaissance movement b.European towns grew in response c.Use of money spread

45. D. Artistic Developments of Late Middle Ages 1.Vernacular languages (common people’s oral language) a.Italian; Dante’s Divine Comedy b. English; Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales c. Before; most in Latin 2.Gothic Cathedrals = Most impressive Medieval art form a.Combined many art forms

46. E. By 1300s; art & culture taking shape in Italy as Renaissance

47. II.England in the High Middle Ages A.1066 – Norman conquest of England establishes feudal monarchy in England. B.1215 – King John forced to sign Magna Carta 1.Limited king’s power C.1295 – 1 st English Parliament 1.Law beginning to be determined by king in consultation with reps.

48. III.The Capetian Monarchs Build a French Kingdom A.Capetian dynasty established in 987 – No real power over most of France. B.King Philip II (1180-1223)gained power and land from England C.1302 – Estates General (French Parliament) was born 1.Bringing together reps. From 3 estates or classes a.Clergy = 1 st Estate b.Nobles = 2 nd Estate c.Townspeople = 3 rd Estate D.Feudal Monarchy in England vs. France 1. 1066 Norman conquest of England establishes a feudal monarchy in England much more rapidly than occurs in France.