1. Presentation for Deforestation project By: Ming Chun, Shang Wen, Chloe and Amanda The interesting thing is at the back.

2. Causes Good without them

3. Mining Coal mining Land is cleared for coal mining Metal mining Land is also cleared for metal mining. To separate gold from ore, mercury is used. The mercury get absorbed by the plants and kills them.

4. More causes (brief) PPoor management of forests LLocal poverty TTimber FForest fires (first caused by company “Itzi”) JJealousy of locals on big companies (they cannot log while the big companies can. Thus, this cause the locals to log illegally)

5. Palm oil Cause of deforestation

6. What is palm oil?  It is a red liquid at room temperature but lighter coloured after boiling  Comes from the African Oil Palm  First commercially cultivated in 1911 on Sumatra island Palm oil(Liquid) Oil palm Solid Palm oil block

7. Uses  Ingredient in food  Cheap substitute for bread  Make biodiesel  Make bread, cereal, sweets and soaps  Cooking oil  Make chocolate Fun Fact: In World War 2, Palm oil combined with Naphtha to produce Napalm!

8. Why do people want to buy palm oil?  It is cheap  Has a high stability when frying

9. Countries with large palm oil production  Indonesia -More than 20.9 million tons  Malaysia -17.7 million tons -Uses 4,500,000 hectares of land -Employ more than 570,000 people  Nigeria -More than 2.5 million hectares of land used  Columbia -Uses 1,000,000 hectares of land -35% made into biofuel

10. Why does palm oil cause all this? Can only be cultivated in rainforests Orangutans live there Orangutans run away from the fire Orangutans fled from their habitats Eat farmers crops Get shot down by them

11. Current measures How to stop deforestation?

12. 1.Conservationists groups Have them to promote conservation Why not working?? Factories: Less land for plantations Less people with jobs Population decrease!! What is Indonesia?

13. 2.Signing of regulation PPresident of Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono signed a regulation on an implementation of a national inventory of greenhouse gases. There was a program called "Moving Towards a Green Indonesia" which helped conservationists groups and also deal with deforestation. WWhy EPIC FAIL: Deforestation is not fully banned even though the carbon usage is thought to be able to decrease by 26%.

14. 3. Pressure from conservationist groups’ fans SSupporters of Greenpeace pressured companies like Nestle and Unilever to change their palm oil sourcing policies to stop deforestation as the forests are cleared mostly for palm oil. This helped as companies (which were providing palm oil to the buyers) used less land for palm oil plantations as they need less palm oil. Why EPIC fail SStill a lot of other companies using palm oil and thus the problems are not solved. FFun fact (not really fun after all): U nilever is one of the biggest buyers of palm oil from Indonesia but it buys only 3% of the palm oil bought all the companies!

15. Military raids  Confiscate chainsaws  Illegal loggers put to jail.

16. Enforcement of laws 1. Anyone who causes a forest fire will be given a sentence of at least 10 years. 2. If it is severe, the DEATH penalty will come. Question – Why is it not working? 1. Nobody enforces the laws 2. The enforcers when sent are easily bribed It is like… the school sets a rule to not allow socks below ankle length. At first, everybody obeys. After a while, nobody comes to check and the students start wearing them.

17. Stakeholders People involved

18. Who they are and how they uses the rainforest TTribes-They use it for home and shelter EEco-tour Operators-they use the rainforest as a tool for education and for them to show people the beauty of the rainforest FFactories- They use the rainforest as a source of income AAnimals-They use the rainforest as a home and for protection SScientists- They use the rainforest as a way of discovering things (like new plants for medication) that can benefit others GGovernment-They try to protect the rainforest and stop things that help destroy it CConservationists-They use the rainforest as a tool for education and they try to protect it SSchools- They educate people just like eco-tour operators

19. Their job and what they do Tribes-  They help spread around the seeds of eaten fruit  They eat the fruit then let the animals carry around the seeds, planting more of that species Eco-Tour Operators-  They tell people how the rainforest is being threatened and what they can do to help stop this  They take tour groups around and show them the rainforest and how wonderful it is so they can appreciate it

20. Their job and what they do (cont.) Factories-  Cut down trees for plantations Animals-  Spread around seeds and “plants” them  Make trees and plants grow as well as fruits that tribes in the rainforest can live off Scientists-  To go into the rainforests and try to find good uses for new plant specimens  They find new plant species then use them in experiments to see if they can be used for medicine

21. Their rights and responsibilities We respect them and they respect us Note: Click this button to go to solutionsthis button

22. TRIBES Rights  To retain their homes  To be able to find food easily  To have water  To feel protected in their homes  To have clothes Responsibilities  To help distribute plants and seeds so that species can keep growing  To only take what they need and nothing more

23. ANIMALS Rights  To feel protected  To always have food  To have shelter in their home  To retain their homes Responsibilities  To keep spreading around seeds for food purposes  To protect the forest from other threats

24. ECO-TOUR OPERATORS Rights  Educate people  Fine people if they pollute(Example: Litter) the rainforest.  Show tourists the rainforest and let them appreciate it Responsibilities  Educate people  Be role models by not polluting the rainforest  Respect laws that try to protect the rainforest

25. WORLD GOVERNMENTS Rights  To be allowed to request countries to reduce greenhouse gases  To be allowed to try and pay countries to protect their rainforests  To put in the Kyoto (international agreement against greenhouse emissions) into place

26. WORLD GOVERNMENTS cont. Responsibilities  To reduce greenhouse gases and the burning of fossil fuels in other countries  To protect the rainforests and what’s left of them

27. FACTORIES Rights  Make money  Able to make living Responsibilities  Burn trees in designated areas (not illegal places)  Burn trees sustainably

28. Scientists Rights  To be able to explore the rainforest (with conditions)  To be allowed to observe different species but make NO contact  To be granted permission to explore different parts of the rainforest in order to look for new plant species

29. Scientists Responsibilities  To not move/change around any areas of the rainforest e.g. plant fruit where animals are trying to sleep  Not to disturb the wildlife inside the rainforests  To respect how the rainforest and to not do anything to pollute it

30. Conservationists Rights  To be able to at least try to protect the rainforests  To be able to protest against non-environmental projects (things that hurt the environment and it’s rainforests) and not get in trouble for it Responsibilities  To be able to protect the rainforest and everything in it  To not stand by and watch the environment along with it’s rainforests be destroyed

31. School Rights and Responsibilities  Educate people  Hold conference to stop deforestation

32. Effects if their rights are not fulfilled Tribes-  The tribe will die out  People will forget about them Eco-tour operators-  People will forget how they should treat/behave in the rainforest  People will forget how important rainforests are Factories-  They can’t help/support themselves or their families

33. Effects if their rights are not fulfilled (cont.) Animals-  Animals could become more aggressive because of the stress from everything happening around them Scientists-  Cures for diseases that could’ve been found would’ve disappeared because scientists couldn’t explore and look for them World governments-  Rainforests will have even MORE threats working against the existence of them! Conservationists-  No one will be there to help the rainforests exist

34. What are the effects if their responsibilities are not fulfilled Tribes-  The rainforest and the species within it will diminish faster than before because seeds of plants aren’t being distributed Eco-tour operators-  Rainforests will be in even worse conditions  Different species will perish faster Factories-  There would be unemployment

35. What are the effects if their responsibilities are not fulfilled (cont.) Animals-  More animal species will die out  More plant/fruit species will die out Scientists-  Animals could start acting up because scientists have made with the animals and they’ve reacted badly  Cures that can solve current illness would be extinct World governments-  Rainforests won’t be protected at ALL anymore! Conservationists-  Rainforests simply WON’T exist anymore Schools  You might have to say bye to the rainforest (not literary)

36. Linking Charts

37. Linking Charts (cont.)

38. Other country involvement and consequences on other countries Lending a helping hand

39. Consequences WHAT DOES HAZE LEAD TO? 1 st effect – Economic losses WHY?  1. Tourist income  Some countries, especially Singapore, rely a lot on tourists to survive.  With the haze, they will avoid coming, and thus we will lose a lot.  2. Trade income  With the haze absorbing and scattering light, there were a lot of visual problems.  This heavily affected land, sea and air transport, causing late arrival of goods, and thus cause heavy losses. For example, in the 1997 haze, both Singapore and Malaysia lost US$0.4b.

40. Consequences (cont.) 2 nd effect – More illnesses WHY? 1. Lack of protective measures  Many Asian countries did not have the financial means to supply protective measures like respiratory masks. In turn, this caused more people to be ill. 2. Poor environment Haze causes asthma diseases and respiratory problems. In 2006, there was a 20% increase of patients in areas west of Singapore. Although the west of Singapore usually has the highest PSI levels, it is only by several points. NEA denied speculation that the construction sites in Tuas and Jurong contributed to the haze, although it is hard to tell.  Crowded environment  While some people opted to stay in their homes, others decided to spend time in shopping malls. As there are more crowds in public areas, the chances of spreading and getting diseases are higher.  Increase of ozone  With haze, the amount of air purifiers to purify the air in the house will soar. However, many of these purifiers release ozone, which in turn causes people to suffer similar diseases as to the haze.

41. What are other countries doing?  Singapore - Provided efficient satellite equipment and good photos, to view where the hot spots were. They managed to detect 146 hot spots.  Malaysia - Provided fire-fighting equipment that Indonesia lacked funds to buy and able- bodied fire fighters to help put out the fire. *Please note these were only solutions to stop the fires but not deforestation.

42. What are other countries doing? (cont.) NNorway – Signed a letter of intent with Indonesia. In exchange for up to US$1 billion, Indonesia would place a two-year moratorium on new logging concession. This is expected to put curbs on Indonesia's palm oil industry and delay plans for the creation of a huge agricultural estate in Papua province, where the Papua Forest is home to orang utans. AAlso, to prevent illegal burning after this letter, Norway will set up a system in Indonesia to reduce corruption so that the deal can be enforced. With the money, Indonesia would have enough resources to combat deforestation. The money goes to making the farm land more productive and thus reduce the need for deforestation.

43.  Brunei – Import orang utans from the forests of Indonesia to live in their safer forests  Joint effort by Malaysia, Brunei, Borneo and Indonesia – Create save the forest campaign to protect animals in the forests  America – Import orang utans from Indonesia to live in an artificial environment  Spent US$1.5m to save the orang utans  Request other countries to stop importing wood from Indonesia to stop the tree cutting  Wrote off Brazil’s debt of $21 million in exchange for forest protection

44. What are organisations doing?  United Nations – Encourage rich countries to contribute funds to help reduce deforestation (REDD Plus, aka Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation)  ASEAN – Set up the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution. The purpose is to address haze pollution, namely prevention, mitigation and monitoring.  Designated 27 national protected areas from selected countries as National Heritage Parks  Strongly urged Indonesia to ratify the Agreement  Set up the ASEAN Haze Technical Task Force to combat the fires

45. Consequences Serious threats to the world

46. A brief summary

47. Extinction of species  With deforestation, trees will be burned down. Many animals will lose their homes and migrate to other unsuitable environment.  Some animals are unable to adapt, and they might die easily. Predators will of course, be introduced and the population will be unbalanced. Thus, some animals might die of quickly.  In addition, when the poor animals seek refuge from a farmer, they get killed or injured badly.

48. Natural disasters  In forest fires, global warming is caused by the CO2 released during forest fires. Global warming leads to dire consequences. Floods, droughts, earthquakes and acid rain.  Trees increase water infiltration. However, when the forests are burned, they are unable to transport water from heavy rain to streams. Thus, this leads to floods.  Droughts can also be caused during the dry season, because water supply to streams are not provided.  Global warming has even more severe consquences, e.g. greenhouse effects…

49. Acid rain  WHY? Rain clouds get polluted by the haze released by deforestation.  EFFECTS When acid rain comes into contact with anything, it practically destroys it. The Sphnix has already some parts destroyed by acid rain.

50. Soil Erosion  Trees with the help of deep root systems are able to draw water from sub-surface water table. Humidity prevents excessive water loss and rapid desiccation. Plants contribute organic matter which upon decomposition adds humus to the soil.  Deforestation leaves the ground surface bare. Further loss of nutrients might occur. Where remaining vegetation is burned to clear the land and agriculture attempted loss of nutrients is even more rapid. Already poor tropical soil is made poorer.

51. Soil Erosion (cont.)  The top soil which is thus lost is irreplaceable. Nature takes about 1000 years to produce 2.5 cms of top soil.  Massive soil erosion aggravates flood situation in two ways. Firstly, the deposition of silt and sediments in river beds makes them shallow. Secondly, land devoid of forest cover loses its water holding capacity.  About 10 million hectares of forested land can hold enough water to fill completely a reservoir as large as that of Bhakra-Nangal dam. In absence of plant cover this water flows down in rapid torrents.

52. Orang utans  Orang Utans  About 1000 orangutans have died during the dry season earlier. Forest fires have produced thick smoke across Borneo. They have suffered from dehydration, respiratory problems, lack of food and even sustained injuries due to the forest fires. The fires have destroyed their habitats.  Orangutans flee the burning forest in search of food and safety, often to nearby palm oil plantations, where they are abused. Shouldn’t orangutans be saved? Why are they being abused? In my opinion, the world should do something to save these orangutans.

53. Solutions? Maybe not… 1. Ban the use of kerosene and other materials that catch fire easily. Daily necessities e.g. charcoal and oil rationed to a limited quantity able to be bought 2. Seal off the forests and only allow access to plantations 3. Have air patrols occasionally using only one or two people when deforestation is mostly carried out, and make sure nobody damages or harms the forest. Just arrest anyone that come to the forests without question 4. Have several robot guards that cannot be toppled to guard the forests

54. The end? This is the interesting bit Please note that prizes ARE not given Nope

55. Question 1 What can palm oil be made into? a)Biofuel b)Toilet paper! c)Cheese

58. Question 2 What causes acid rain directly? a)Haze b)Smoke c)Forest fires

61. Question 3 What did Brunei do to help Indonesia? a)Give them effective fire fighting equipment b)Sneer at them c)Nothing d)Import orang utans from there and let them live at their forests

64. Question 4 Which are the two kinds of mining that causes deforestation? a)Coal and metal b)Coal and granite c)Gold and metal d)Coal and gold

67. Question 5 Why do animals need the forest? a)They need it to discuss how to bring about Earth’s doomsday… b) I mean, it's their birth place, right? HOME SWEET HOME! c) Who cares about the animals, anyway. It's because they like to eat insects, there got a lot of insects d) They need shelter, home and food

70. Question 6 Why did Norway sign a letter of agreement with Indonesia? a)They had too much money to spend b)They wanted to prevent corruption c)They want to spy on the Indonesian government. d)They want to prevent Indonesia from creating a huge industrial area in Papua where many orang utans live

73. Question 7 Why do orang utans flee to farmers? a)Humans are getting closer to their territory b)The orang utans were forced to escape there as there was a stampede c) The orang utans were affected by the forest fires, and they were in danger. Fleeing to the palm oil plantations will put their lives in less danger, in their opinion, anyway d) They want to kill themselves

76. Question 8 What does haze cause? a)People murdering each other b)Orang utans become able to fly c)Economic losses and respiratory illnes -ses d)People eating soya beancurd e)Others

81. Question 9 What did America do to help stop deforestation? a)Import orang utans from Indonesia to live in an artificial environment, spent US$1.5million to save the orang utans, request other countries to stop importing wood from Indonesia to stop the tree cutting and wrote off Brazil’s debt of $21 million in exchange for forest protection b)Cut down trees c)Tell Indonesia to stop deforestation or it would attack Indonesia d)Import orang utans to their own forest

84. Question 10 Which stakeholder go around the forest to find new plant specimens and find good uses for it? a) Scientists b) Loggers c) Government d) Schools e) Eco-tour operators

87. Question 11 Where is oil palm first commercially cultivated and at when(year)? a)On Hai Nan Island at 1919 b)On Singapore at 2012 c)On Sumatra at 1918 d) On Jakarta at 1911 e) On Sumatra at 1914 f) On Jakarta at 1912

90. Question 12  Why are there more illnesses due to the haze?  a) The government does not care  b) While others opt to stay at home, others decide to spend time outdoors (shopping, etc.). More crowded in public areas--> Spread more diseases  c) People don't take care of themselves, and refuse to take medicine.  d) All of the above

93. Question 13  What causes greenhouse effects directly?  a)Haze  b)KFC  c)ME  d)Ozone depletion  e)Nothing. It happens by its self

96. Lastly to say,

97. THE END! Thank you for your kind attention