1. Prof. Dr. Mir Shabbar Ali Urban transport planning, definitions and approaches

2. Urban Transportation Planning process Urban mobility challenges Urban travel indicators Developing a transportation plan Conclusions and Recommendations Lecture covers

3. Urban Transportation Planning Process

4. Basic elements of transportation planning Situation definitionInventory transportation facilities, Measure travel patterns, Review prior studies Problem definitionDefine objectives (e.g., Reduce travel time), Establish criteria (e.g., Average delay time), Define constraints, Establish design standards Search for solutions Consider options (e.g., locations and types, structure needs, environmental considerations) Analysis of performance For each option, determine cost, traffic flow, impacts Evaluation of alternatives Determine values for the criteria set for evaluation (e.g., benefits vs. cost, cost-effectiveness, etc) Choice of projectConsider factors involved (e.g., goal attainability, political judgment, environmental impact, etc.) Specification and construction Once an alternative is chosen, design necessary elements of the facility and create construction plans

5. The Importance of Transportation planning Growth in the demand for mobility – Considerable growth of the transport demand: Individual (passengers) and freight mobility. – Larger quantities of passengers and freight being moved. – Longer distances over which they are carried. – Multiplication of the number of journeys. – Wide variety of modes servicing transport demands.

6. Holistic Approach

7. Urban travel indicators

8. Households are getting smaller with more vehicles…

9. More workers and more cars on the road…

10. A Real Shift to Longer Commutes… U.S. Census

11. Vehicles commutes by time of day… NHTS 2001

12. All Vehicles in Motion— The Changing Peak Period NHTS 2001

13. Urban Mobility Traditional transport planning aims to improve mobility, especially for vehicles, and may fail to adequately consider wider impacts.transport planning The real purpose of transport is to provide access for the citizens to work, education, friends and family, and goods and services. A sustainable transport system is one that is accessible, safe, environmentally-friendly, and affordable. Cities should improve the sustainability of their transport networks to create more vibrant, livable, sustainable cities.sustainable cities

14. Why Urban Mobility Matters ? Citizens expect high levels of mobility. Sustainable urban mobility is essential for: – Guaranteeing citizens a high quality of accessibility and life – Facilitating economic development of cities, thus helping growth and employment – Respecting the environment and ensuring sustainable development

15. Challenges Faced By Cities Congestion – Increase of traffic in urban areas is causing congestion - this costs to citizens and businesses – Parking – Major problem – Portion of road is occupied by Parking Energy consumption – Urban mobility - faced by the domination of oil as a transport fuel. Climate change – Urban mobility accounts for 40% of all CO 2 emissions of road transport.

16. Challenges Faced By Cities Health issues – towns and cities face increasing air pollution and noise problems, which impact on citizens health. Safety and security – road fatalities take place in urban areas - pedestrians and cyclists are the most vulnerable victims.

17. 17 Impact of Global Economic Change Urbanization, More cars & other vehicles, pollution, congestion, infrastructure development

18. Problems of Transport Increasing Traffic intensity Road Congestion parking Accidents

19. Reasons for Unsustainable Transport Absence of a integrated city development strategies – Need for Integrated Metropolitan Land transport authority Unsustainable transport policies driven by meeting demand by creating additional infrastructures (construction of underpasses, flyovers, road widening works, etc.) Governance problems where politics won over technocratic advice. Ineffective Integrated transport planning and modal connectivity's Little data about the success or failure of implementation in achieving policy goals

20. Framework for Achieving Sustainable Urban Transport Planning – Vision for a livable city and city master plan Land use planning Transport master plan Design Integrated Transport Systems – Public transport – commuter rail, metro rail, mono rail, commuter rail, city buses, taxis, autos – Intermodal Transportation Hubs to connect different modes – Promotion of Walking and cycling – Private vehicles – Trucks and freight movement Analyses – Political – Economic – Social – Technical – Environmental Implementation and Monitoring – Technical support – Stakeholder involvement – Institutional setup – Capacity – Policies – Financing

21. Definition of Transportation Planning Transportation planning provides the information, tools, and public involvement needed for improving transportation system performance Transportation planning is a continuous process that requires monitoring of the system’s performance and condition

22. Transportation Planning Affects… Policies Choices among alternative strategies Priorities Funding allocations

23. More than Transportation Land Use Clean Air Act / Air Quality Standards National Environmental Policy Environmental Justice

24. Overview of Transportation Planning What are the purposes of transportation infrastructure? --Moving people--Shape land use patterns --Moving goods--Sense of place --Structure the city--Others? National Trends --Trips/VMT? --Number of vehicles? --Commute times? --Mass transit? --Other transportation modes (bikes, peds)? (Following slides from http://nhts.ornl.gov/2001/index.shtml)

25. Transportation Planning Terminology Key Terminology --Trips, Origins, Destinations --Person trip vs Vehicle trip --Mode, Modal split Types of Streets/Highways --A hierarchical system

26. Modern Transportation Planning TSM (Transportation Systems Management) Still applies a rational planning approach, but recognizes alternatives and doesn’t focus as much on the traditional transportation planning approach Advantages –Investigates a fuller range of alternatives –Looks to affect transportation demand as well as supply –Looks to both the public and private sector for implementation and financing –Considers the full range of travel modes (not just the automobile) –Considers other purposes of transportation in society

27. Transportation Demand Management (TDM) TDM is a Systems Management approach that further recognizes the current constraints to transportation planning (costs of projects, funding availability, sunk costs). Advantages –Emphasizes increased system efficiency; 1) reduce demand 2) redirect demand 3) expand capacity through minor improvements 4) increase occupancy –Looks even further to nontraditional supply approaches –New financial strategies (impact fees, development fees)

28. Transportation planning challenges Transportability – Transport costs. – Attributes of the transported goods (fragility, perishable, price). Derived demand – Transportation cannot exists on its own – Direct derived demand: Movements directly the consequence of an economic activity. – Indirect derived demand: Movements created by the requirements of other movements. Environmental: Important environmental impacts. Pollution, exploitation of natural resources.

29. The Importance of Transportation and land use planning Spatial differentiation of the economy – Different locations – Location of resources (raw materials, labor, manufacturing). – Spatial division of production and consumption. – Service embedded in the socio-economic life of individuals, institutions and corporations. – Often invisible for to consumer, but always part of all economic functions.

30. Spatial Impact of Transport Improvements – Cost Space and Time Space Convergence 1. Demand for Accessibility 2. Technological Development 3. Transport Innovation 4. Time-space convergence 5. Spatial adaptation to changes in time- space organization (centralization and specialization 6. Increased Interaction Search

31. Pakistan Strategy PAKISTAN TRANSPORT PLAN STUDY

32. Development of transport system to support economic and social activities Supporting economic activities by connecting major economic centres with motorways or national highways Demand oriented project formation to avoid traffic congestion Establishment of stability by providing alternative mode or route Increase of urban bypasses Development or improvement of inter-modal facilities Strengthening of international routes Management and effective utilization of existing resources

33. Development of transport network to support balanced growth of regional economy Harmonization of transport network development with regional development policies and plans Network development aiming at alleviation of poverty and regional disparity High priority setting on transport projects in poorer areas Project implementation by utilization of local materials and procurement of local labor force Effective monitor of how poverty alleviation measures and projects affect

34. Transport system to realize optimal modal share Policy C. Minimization of transport cost by multi- modal transportation Fare competition between road and rail

35. The Accessibility approach Increased speed can result in a proportionally larger increase in accessible area. Implications: More and faster travel increases accessibility. Congestion can limit accessibility by a particular mode. Efforts to increase automobility can reduce other forms of accessibility.

36. Use of indicators *VMT = Vehicle Miles Traveled *

37. Percentage Traveling Mode People use public transport (Bus/Minibus) is 60%.

38. Percent Distribution of Average Monthly Income Levels of Families Income (Rs)

39. Percentage Monthly Traveling Expenditure vs Traveling Mode 10% of income spent for transportation Target for Tariff of any Transport ⇒ Target for Tariff of any Transport

40. Trip Start Time vs Trip Generation Rate on Typical weekday Total Population= 12,094,629, Total Trips = 24,227,337, Ave. Trip number =2.003 OFF PEAK

42. M.W.Tower Sohrab Goth Quaidabad Maikolachi Korangi Air Port Super Highway Major Flow of Citizen

43. 1th 2nd 3rd 6th 4th 5th Top 6 Major Route

44. CITY Corridor Plan

45. Strong Relationship of Town to Town Port Area Port Qasim Airport Industrial Area

46. Chinqui Filling the gap in absence of Urban Transit System

47. Urban public transport options

48. Bus Rapid Transit Premium transit using rubber tire vehicles Dedicated running way Fewer stops than local bus Distinct stations, vehicles, and systems Allows flexibility to operate multiple routes LAMATA BRT Buses – Ojota Depot LAMATA Bus Shelter – Ilupeju

49. Fixed Guide way Vehicles Automated guide way small and medium-sized vehicles that operate fully automatically on guideways with exclusive rights-of-way Typically on a loop or as a shuttle within central business districts, airports or other high activity centers

50. Light Rail Transit Modern version of traditional streetcars May operate alongside auto, rail traffic Reduces costs Increases travel time Stations 1 ∕ 3 -1½ miles apart

51. Heavy Rail The term heavy rail is often used for regular rail, to distinguish from systems such as light rail, monorail, Street car etc. Heavy rail typically refers to the standard inter-city rail network, which is built to be robust enough for heavy and high-speed trains, including freight trains, and long distance passenger trains.

52. Role of the Transportation Planner “Bridge the gap” Educate parties in an understandable way Focus on long term Advocate for underserved groups Environmental justice Use transportation to improve community sustainability

53. Media support possible and useful

54. Conclusions and Recommendations Transportation needs and dynamics for Metropolitan cities of Pakistan must be exclusively addressed Sustainability issues must be incorporated in project planning and implementation Accessibility approach can provide a sustainable urban transportation system An integrated mass transit system is THE solution and the way forward.