1. Weekly Announcements  Quiz on 7.1 & 7.2 Thursday  Lab on Osmosis and Diffusion Monday Next Week  Review for Chapter 7 Thursday Next Week  Test on Chapter 7 Friday Next Week

2. 9/23/13  Do Now: List some parts of the cell  HW: Review pages 196 – 199 from last week Read pages 200 – 205 and add to today’s notes

3. CELLS CELLULAR COMPONENTS & PROCESES

4. MODERN CELL THEORY 1. The cell is the unit of structure and function in living things. 2. All cells arise from preexisting cells. 3. The cells of all living things carry on similar chemical activities. 4. All cells carry on their metabolic activities in organelles.

5. There are two types of cells: 1. Prokaryotic- cells that DO NOT have a nucleus or other cell ORGANELLES 2. Eukaryotic- cells with a NUCLEUS & cell ORGANELLES  Which is more complicated?  REMEMBER YOU ARE EUKARYOTIC!

7.  The parts of a cell that carry out a function are called cell ORGANELLES:  All cells have the following organelles: Cell Membrane Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Ribosomes Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton

8. Eukaryote cells ALSO have:  Nucleus  Nucleolus  Mitochondria  Golgi Body Complex  Endoplasmic Reticulum  Vacuole  Lysosome  Centrioles (ANIMAL ONLY) Only Plant Cells have all of the above &:  Cell Wall  Chloroplast

9. organelles  little “organs” of the cell  Organelles are present in BOTH plants and animals  Carry out cellular functions!

10. Nucleus  cellular control center Controls cellular activity Controls cellular activity  contains hereditary material (DNA in chromosomes)  self duplicating structure - divides when the cell divides

12. Nuclear membrane  surrounds nucleus allowing certain materials to enter and leave

13. Nucleolus  round organelle in the nucleus  usually a pair  involved with the synthesis of RNA in the ribosomes

14. Ribosomes (make protien)  sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm  may be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

16. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)  cytoplasmic channels from the cell membrane to the nuclear membrane  associated with the storage, synthesis, and transport of materials within the cell  “HIGHWAY” for cell transport

18. Cytoplasm (protoplasm)  fluid like material between the cell membrane and the nucleus  over 80 % water  “HOLDS” cell organelles in place  site of most organelles and cellular chemical reactions

20. Vacuole (storage)  membrane bound cytoplasmic spaces containing materials  ** Vacuoles are crucial in single- celled organisms Two Types: Food vacuole--store and digest ingested food Food vacuole--store and digest ingested food Contractile vacuole-pumps excess water from cells maintaining homeostasis Contractile vacuole-pumps excess water from cells maintaining homeostasis

22. Lysosome (Break down)  pouch containing digestive enzymes  digest bacteria and some foods entering the cell  Breaks down complex molecules into simpler molecules (SLICE)  breakdown worn out cell organelles

24. Mitochondrion  "Powerhouse of the cell"  carries on cellular respiration (contains respiratory enzymes that make ATP) (energy molecule)  may contain DNA--is self duplicating-- divides when the cell divides  found in greater #s in active cells

25. Golgi apparatus (complex)  usually located near the nucleus  synthesizes, packages, and secretes cellular products  Packages waste & harmful materials

26. Plasma (cell) membrane  The cell membrane is SEMI-PERMEABLE  selectively regulates the flow of materials to and from the cell--thus maintaining chemical homeostasis within the cell  The membrane acts like a BOUNCER only allowing certain things in and out of the cell It is made up of a lipid bilayer  double layer of FAT - "Fat sandwich"  transport through the plasma membrane likely occurs through these globular proteins (Fluid mosaic model)

27. 9/24/13  Do Now: List the two organelles that build proteins  HW: Complete Quick Lab Activity on page 203 in your textbook for tomorrow. (This will be weighted as a quiz)

28. Quick Review From Yesterday and Your Homework  Organelles That Store, Clean Up, and Support = Vacuoles and Vesicles, Lysosomes, and The Cytoskeleton  Organelles That Build Proteins = Ribosomes, ER, Golgi Apparatus  Organelles That Capture and Release Energy = Chloroplasts, Mitochondria

29.  Hydrophilic- attracts water  Hydrophobic- repels water  Why is it important that the cell membrane is made up of small phospholipids?

30. ANIMAL CELL ORGANELLES ONLY  Centriole- a cylindrical structure found in the cytoplasm which appears to function during the division of certain animal cells (usually near the nucleus)  Helps animal cells divide

32. PLANT CELL ORGANELLES ONLY  Cell Wall- a nonliving structure which surrounds and supports the cell - composed mostly of cellulose Gives the plant cell structure & support Gives the plant cell structure & support  Chloroplasts- green in color-double membrane - contain the green pigment chlorophyll which carries on photosynthesis Uses the sun’s energy to make food for the plant Uses the sun’s energy to make food for the plant

34. photosynthesis  the conversion of light energy to chemical energy by chlorophyll in chloroplasts  Overall Net equation for photosynthesis: 6 Water + 6 Carbon dioxide yields glucose + 6 oxygen (when catalyzed by chlorophyll in the presence of sunlight) 6 Water + 6 Carbon dioxide yields glucose + 6 oxygen (when catalyzed by chlorophyll in the presence of sunlight)

35. Quick Lab Class Activity  Turn to page 203 in your textbooks. Start the activity in class, agree on individual roles, and complete at home

36. 9/25/13  Do Now: Take the first 4 minutes of class to finalize your Organelle Models  HW: Study for 7.1 and 7.2 Quiz Tomorrow!

37. Brief Presentations  Take 2 minutes maximum to present your models you created to the class. We will place your organelle models around the room for display arranged as if the room was a cell

38. 9/26/13  Clear Your Desks. Today is your Quiz on 7.1 and 7.2  HW: Read Pages 208 – 211 in your textbooks

39. Levels of Tissue Organization  cell - unit of structure of all life  tissue - composed of groups of similar cells  organs - composed of groups of tissues functioning together  organ systems - composed of groups of organs functioning together

40. Types of transport in Cells  Passive transport - movement of substances through a membrane from a region of high to a region of low concentration - no energy needed (ATP) - diffusion and osmosis are examples of this  Active transport - movement of substances through a membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration - requires cellular energy (ATP)

41.  Whether passive or active transport is needed depends on the CONCENTRATION GRADIENT  The concentration gradient is the difference in the concentration of a substance in two different spaces  Concentration - the amount of a particular substance in a contained area compared with the amount of the same substance in another area  Translation: Amount of something in a space (water, salt, sugar, iron,)

43. PROCESSES OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE  There are two types of passive transport: Diffusion and Osmosis  The goal of both diffusion and osmosis is to reach EQUILIBRIUM within the cell  Equilibrium is a condition in which the movement in one direction is equal to the movement in another direction

44. Diffusion  the tendency of molecules to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration  (concentration gradient- diff in conc. between 2 regions)

46. Osmosis  movement of water through a membrane from a region of higher to lower con.  Solute - substance being dissolved in a liquid (ex. salt)  Solvent - substance doing the dissolving (ex. water)  Permeability - the extent to which a membrane will allow particular sized molecules to pass  Semi-permeable membrane (selectively permeable)-allows some molecules to pass but not others

47.  So, describe how “Kool-Aid”® is made with regard to the terms “solute” and “solvent”. What is the “universal solvent”?

48.  When comparing two solutions there are three possible relationships, We Identify the relationships by determining what would happen if a cell were placed in the solution.  Hypertonic- A solution that causes a cell to shrink because of osmosis. Meaning water leaves the cell.  Hypotonic- A solution that causes a cell to swell because of osmosis meaning water rushes into the cell.  Isotonic-A solution that causes no change in cell size. Meaning there is no movement of water.

50. If the fluid outside the cell has… Then the outside fluid is… Water moves…Effect on the cell? …less water than is present inside the cell …more water than is present inside the cell …same amount of water as inside the cell

51.  So, answer this question…. Why do “establishments” offer free popcorn, peanuts, and pretzels to their patrons if they are serving beverages? What changes are taking place in the body to initiate the need for more beverages?

52. 9/27/13  Do Now: Name the two types of passive transport and describe how they are different from each other.  HW: Read pages 212 – 213 and complete the questions in the 7.3 Assessment

53. Active Transport-  the movement of a substance against the concentration gradient. (uphill)  Active transport requires cell to USE ENERGY

54.  Sodium pump - transports three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell  Both are against the concentration gradient  The energy needed to perform this activity is supplied by ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate)  ATP is a unit of energy made by the cell

55.  Endocytosis- the movement of a substance into the cell by a vesicle. A vesicle is a form of packaging that is used by cells.  Exocytosis- the movement of a substance out of the cell by a vesicle.  Phagocytosis- cytoplasm of cell surrounds and engulfs particle--ex. ameba and white blood cell  Pinocytosis- plasma membrane "pinches in" to permit entry of molecules too large to diffuse through

56. Passive Vs. Active Transport Writing Activity  Compare the two types of transport in no more than 2 paragraphs (3-4 sentences each paragraph). Make sure to describe in detail the differences between both types of transport.