2.  Support  Protection  controls movement of materials in/out of cell  barrier between cell and its environment  maintains homeostasis  Analogy: City Border

3.  supports /protects cell organelles  Analogy: lawns and parks of our city.

4.  controls cell activities  Houses DNA  Contained by nuclear membrane that controls movement of materials in/out of nucleus  Analogy for nucleus: city hall  Analogy for nuclear membrane: Guards bordering city hall

5.  The site where DNA is concentrated in the process of making ribosomal RNA (where ribosomes are made!)  Analogy: The mayor

6.  breaks down sugar molecules into energy  Site of cellular respiration  Analogy: energy plant

7.  produces proteins  Made up of rRNA and protein  Can be free floating or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum  The proteins created are essential to cell and organismal function.  Analogy: lumber or brick yard with proteins being the building blocks of the city http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome#Ribosome_locations

8.  Rough ER is named for the presence of ribosomes along its membrane  Produces proteins needed for secretion outside of cell (e.i. (digestive enzymes, sebum, gastric juice) –sends them to golgi  carries materials through cell  Analogy: highways and road systems

9.  carries materials through cell  Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is responsible for lipid synthesis, such as steroid hormones estrogen and testosterone and cholesterol.  Lots of smooth E.R. in liver and kidney cells where it performs drug detoxification.  Long term drug use can lead to increased amounts of smooth E.R and lead to drug tolerance.  Analogy: Highway

10.  The golgi apparatus is essential in packaging different products from the endoplasmic reticulum and putting them into their final form.  If a product needs to be sent to other cells, the golgi apparatus packs it and sends it out.  Very important for Making secretions  Analogy: post office

11.  Contain hydrolase enzymes to break down larger food molecules into smaller molecules  digest old cell parts  They bud off from the golgi apparatus  Analogy: waste disposal and recycling

12.  Detoxify alcohol and other drugs  Found abundantly in liver and kidney  Bud off from the smooth E.R  Analogy: rehabilitation center

13.  The cytoskeleton makes up the internal framework  gives each cell its distinctive shape and high level of organization.  Holds the organelles in place  Analogy: Police Department

14.  Projections from the cell that aid in locomotion  Analogy: Tectonic Plates

15.  rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells including plant cells.  provides these cells with structural support and protection  acts as a pressure vessel, preventing over-expansion when water enters the cell.

16.  Membrane bound organelles that manufacture and store important chemical compounds used by the cell  Examples: Chloroplasts: use light energy to make carbs from CO2 and H20. Chromoplasts: contain colorful pigment (carrots, flowers etc)

17.  Large, fluid filled organelle that stores LOTS of water. Also has enzymes, metabolic wastes etc.  Make up 90% of cell’s volume, pushes the contents of cell against the plasma membrane.  When there is lots of water, vacuole is full and the cell expands allowing the plant to stand upright.  In a dry period, vacuole loses water, and cell shrinks/wilts.

18.  Made up of a bundle of microtubles (protein found in cytoskeleton)  Help in cell division by organizing the cytoskeleton in preparation to divide.